The effect of natural and engineered hydraulic conditions on river-floodplain connectivity using hydrodynamic modeling and particle tracking analysis

•During ‘Lake Flood’ scenarios the water level was higher than that during ‘River Flood’, inundating a broader area, decreasing flow velocity, increasing residence time, and decreasing particle travel distance.•Due to the increased discharge, the NWRPG will reduce the residence time and its standard deviation during the flood seasons, which will have little effect on particle travel distance.•During the flood season, the river-floodplain exchange flux is from the upstream river, midstream floodplain, and downstream river.