Pharmacologic and genetic evidence converge on mechanisms of psychotic illness

Idiopathic and substance-induced forms of psychotic illness afflict millions of people worldwide, and it is largely unknown whether these two forms emerge through the same molecular mechanisms. Though genetic studies have implicated thousands of genes in idiopathic psychotic illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia), consensus is lacking regarding which of these genes are most likely to treat psychotic illness when modulated pharmacologically and, as a result, antipsychotic medications targeting these genes have yet to be developed. Previous studies suggest that one way to determine if a candidate target gene is likely to lead to an effective treatment for a given illness is if the gene is implicated by multiple lines of evidence (e.g., genetic, pharmacologic). Here, pharmacologic, genetic, and clinical data were leveraged to determine if the idiopathic and substance-induced forms of psychotic illness are related to one another through a common set of genes. A set of medications that cause psychotic illness as a side effect (“propsychotics”) were identified by analyzing 15 million medication side effects reports from over 100 countries. There was a significant overlap of target genes among propsychotics and antipsychotics and for many of the shared target genes propsychotics act through a mechanism that was qualitatively the opposite of the mechanism through which antipsychotics act (e.g., activation vs. inhibition). Propsychotic and antipsychotic target genes were significantly enriched for genes implicated in schizophrenia by rare loss-of-function genetic variation but not for genes implicated in schizophrenia by common genetic variation. Only one gene – GRIN2A , encoding the GluN2A subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor – was implicated in psychotic illness by propsychotics, rare loss-of-function genetic variation, and common genetic variation. Mining genetic data from a diverse cohort of 30,000 adults treated in a New York City health system, a carrier of a rare loss-of-function variant in GRIN2A with severe psychotic illness was identified with a clinical course notable for psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits that are not targeted by current antipsychotics. Altogether, this report shows how integrating pharmacologic, genetic, and clinical data from large cohorts can prioritize target genes for novel drug development and align the prioritized targets with specific clinical presentations. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement All funding was provided by the affiliated institutions. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Relevant study activities for the current report were approved by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Institutional Review Board (Institutional Review Board 07 0529) and all study participants provided written informed consent. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes Publicly available data analyzed for this report was obtained through the following URLs: VigiBase: . SIDER: DrugBank: RxNorm: MedDRA: SCHEMA: PGC3SCZ: