北京市城市规划设计研究院

As megacities enter a phase of stock improvement as well as intensive and efficient development,underground space planning has evolved from an engineering issue into a strategic topic concerning territorial security,resource allocation efficiency,and urban resilience.The establishment of a clear hierarchical underground space planning system and the improvement of underground space control methods are the important prerequisites for ensuring the sustainable utilization of underground space resources.In line with the territorial spatial planning system,the systematic planning and control methods have been explored from the perspective of strictly adhering to the ecological bottom line,coordinating functional facilities,and guiding development of key areas.Red line for underground space has been delineated based on three-dimensional geological model,the overall layout guidance of various functional facilities has been strengthened and a comprehensive evaluation method for the development potential of key areas has been developed.This study hopes to promote the integrated utilization of above-ground and underground space resources.

[Objective]The concept of Beijing Garden City is not only a continuous development of the concept of Forest City and Park City,but also an integral part of the construction of Beautiful China.As a mega-city that has entered the era of renewal development and fine governance,Beijing has taken the lead in exploring the path of garden city construction,and attempts to establish a spatial planning framework that fits its positioning as the capital of China,while exploring an innovative path of high-quality urban development driven by green space through the integration of natural landscapes,historical culture and modern urban functions,thereby promoting the integration and mutual promotion of green space and urban functions,and providing theoretical reference and practical guidance for solving the problems of ecological governance,cultural inheritance and spatial quality improvement of megacities. [Methods]Based on the in-depth interpretation of the connotation and evolution of Garden City and the excellent practical experience of China and foreign countries,this research compares and analyzes the connotative differences among related concepts such as eco-city,Shan-shui city,landscape city,forest city,and park city,and refines the core connotation that garden city focuses on the urban characteristic core and takes the whole domain space as the object to enhance urban livability.Secondly,based on the five value dimensions of construction process,urban positioning,construction characteristics,natural conditions,and ecosystem,this research analyzes the relationship between Beijing's urban characteristics and the connotation of garden city,clarifies the key directions for Beijing Garden City to respond to the needs of high-quality development,and puts forward development suggestions from the five dimensions of garden city construction resource carrier utilization,urban positioning response,fine spatial construction,climate adaptation methods,and ecosystem efficiency improvement.Furthermore,based on the perspectives of"greenery enhancement","greenery integration",and"greenery governance",this research proposes a high-quality transformation idea that planning needs to shift from quantitative expansion to quality improvement,from embedding greenery into the city to integrating greenery with the city,and from garden landscape construction to scene construction from the three dimensions of quantity and quality,space and function,and planning and implementation.Additionally,the research constructs a spatial planning framework for the transformation of"characteristic demands-spatial strategies",forming the Beijing path for garden city construction. [Results]Five transformation paths are formed to promote the transformation of Beijing from traditional mode to high-quality development.First,lead the pattern and style of Garden City with natural and cultural characteristics:Constructing the foundation and structure of garden city relying on natural landscapes,and building the characteristics of garden city by utilizing historical and cultural elements.Second,guide the spatial priorities of garden city based on the capital positioning:Strengthening the functions of the"four centers",designating elite demonstration areas of garden city,showcasing the national capital image,and shaping the ceremonial spaces of garden city.Third,create colorful urban landscapes based on Beijing's seasonal characteristics:Exploring four-season garden city landscapes integrated with urban colors,and probing into the aesthetic values of landscapes under the interaction between seasonal changes and humanistic characteristics.Fourth,deepen the construction methods of garden city based on human-perceived needs:Constructing visual corridors to enhance the observability of garden landscapes;improving greenways to enhance the accessibility of garden spaces;activating boundaries to strengthen the integration of garden elements;revitalizing micro-spaces to achieve the accessibility of garden areas;and shaping scenarios to enhance the permeability of garden concepts.Fifth,improve the ecological efficiency of garden city with the concept of safety and resilience:Emphasizing environmental health efficiency and strengthening climate regulation;focusing on the integration of refined and wild landscapes to enhance biodiversity;and attaching importance to the dual-purpose design for normal and emergency use to improve safety and resilience. [Conclusion]The construction of Garden City represents a critical pathway for Beijing's pursuit of high-quality development.Against the backdrop of intertwined historical and cultural heritage and the diverse development needs of a modern metropolis,the concept of garden city has injected new vitality into Beijing's growth.This research provides practical experience for garden city concepts and related ideas,offering a construction path for promoting high-quality development in super-large high-density cities through the creation of high-quality"gardens"under the context of stock transformation,while presenting new approaches for advancing urban high-quality development through green spaces.The construction methods proposed,including the establishment of visual corridors,improvement of greenways,activation of boundaries,revitalization of micro-spaces,and shaping of scenarios,offer feasible strategies for constructing green spaces based on human-perceived needs.These efforts aim to provide conceptual and methodological guidance for the planning and construction of garden city in China,and inspire other cities to deeply explore their characteristic resources and achieve high-quality urban development through the scientific planning and efficient utilization of green spaces.

[Objective]As the national capital of China and a megacity,Beijing urgently needs to explore new pathways for harmonious coexistence between humans and nature to achieve high-quality development.Against this backdrop,advancing the Garden City initiative has become a critical strategic task.To translate the goals of Garden City development into actionable and measurable practices,establishing a scientific and context-appropriate evaluation framework is imperative as fundamental support.Currently,there is a lack of specialized systematic assessment tools for evaluating Garden City initiatives.This gap hinders the ability to effectively guide implementation,monitor progress,and precisely quantify nature's contribution to public well-being.Therefore,the core objective of this research is to develop a dedicated indicator system for Beijing's Garden City development,and establish a set of quantifiable indicators integrating critical dimensions. [Methods]This research positions the future value of Garden City from a historical perspective.By reviewing the evolution of relevant indicator systems,the research identifies the iterative process and development trends of urban-nature indicator systems.Subsequently,the research combines the needs of Beijing's urban planning and management to discuss the approach and characteristics of constructing Beijing's Garden City Indicator System. [Results]Since the 1990s,city-nature evaluation frameworks and indicators have continuously evolved,playing an increasingly significant role in optimizing urban natural systems and advancing sustainable development.Globally,there is growing emphasis on promoting city-nature evaluation systems,with urban biodiversity and nature's contributions to people becoming critical dimensions for measuring future urban progress.Reviewing the evolution of specific indicators within the aforesaid city-nature evaluation frameworks reveals that the focus on city-nature relationships has shifted:From emphasizing green quantity to quality;from concentrating on ecosystem services to caring about nature's contribution to human's well-being,and from objective indicators for quantitative evaluation to indicators valuing residents'actual experiences and perceptions.There is a growing emphasis on assessing the interactions between urban residents and nature.These trends,particularly the focus on natural well-being and human-centered considerations,align with the future value of the Garden City.The key challenges that require further innovation and exploration in establishing the evaluation system for Beijing's Garden City include how to more systematically highlight this future value of Garden City while building on these trends,how to showcase Beijing's unique characteristics,and how to ensure the system aligns with practical management needs.In 2024,Beijing formulated the"Beijing Garden City Special Plan(2023-2035)",which includes Beijing's Garden City Indicator System constructed by this research.The indicator system highlights the core future value of the Garden City,namely enhancing public well-being based on nature,and encompasses 29 evaluation indicators.It concretizes the future value of Beijing's Garden City across six aspects:Enhancing habitat quality in natural spaces,highlighting the capital's landscape artistry,providing green ecological recreational experiences,creating publicly shared green spaces,strengthening climate-resilient urban adaptability,and fostering integrated production-living-ecological urban scenarios. [Conclusion]Beijing's Garden City Indicator System aligns with international trends by centering assessments on urban human-nature interactions,and fully integrates Beijing's specific conditions,characterized by a strong value orientation,the ease of assessment and management,the reflection of the capital's distinctive features,and a focus on shared benefits for all citizens and tangible experiences.This system will support the planning,construction,and development of the Garden City under the ecological civilization framework.Future development of Beijing's Garden City should be grounded in the core value of"enhancing public well-being based on nature".Building upon current foundations,city-nature relationships must be iteratively advanced and the indicator system leveraged to promote symbiotic development.Critical focus areas include urban biodiversity conservation,presentation of mountain-water cultural heritage,enhancement of residents'recreational experiences,public participation in shared governance,climate adaptation through nature-based solutions,and integration of natural elements with urban renewal scenarios.Compared to global explorations during the 20th-century industrial civilization era,China's ecological civilization system provides stronger institutional support for Garden City development.Beijing's Garden City Indicator System holds significant potential to renew urban-nature symbiotic relationships and contribute innovative models to global practices.

Based on the 2020 Beijing Seventh National Census data,the study integrates the census data with street and road network vector data,and produces a refined spatial distribution of block-level population in Beijing.The study utilizes OSM road network data to delineate natural neighborhood boundaries in Beijing,incorporating Gaode building footprints and urban rooftop vector data.By combining attributes like building height,a linear regression model was developed to obtain a refined block-level population dataset.Cross-validation against WorldPop data confirms the dataset's high accuracy with an R2 of 0.91,a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.953,and errors maintained within reasonable limits.The dataset covers all streets and community units in Beijing,providing block-level population distribution information with high spatial resolution and data quality.The dataset is stored in Shapefile format and has a size of approximately 182 MB.The dataset is of significant importance for research on urban planning and resource allocation.