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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Evidence on the acute effects of caffeine in female team-sport athletes is limited. This study aimed to quantify the acute effects of caffeine on female team-sport athletes across physical performance, sport-specific performance, physiological responses, perceptual responses, and cognitive performance and determine moderators. METHODS:PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched for randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trials of acute, dose-defined caffeine in female team-sport athletes. Effect sizes were expressed as Hedges' g and synthesized within each domain using a three-level CHE model with CR2 cluster-robust variance estimation and Satterthwaite degrees of freedom; 95% confidence intervals and prediction intervals were reported. Risk of bias (RoB 2), methodological quality (PEDro), and certainty of evidence (GRADE) were assessed. RESULTS:Twenty-six studies were included, comprising 26 randomized, blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials. As a descriptive cross-domain summary, acute caffeine intake showed a small overall effect when all available domains were pooled (Hedges' g = 0.24, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.35); however, because these domains represent different constructs, domain-specific estimates were considered the primary interpretable findings. For physical performance, caffeine showed a small favorable effect (g = 0.32, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.42), with statistical evidence for repeated sprint ability (g = 0.43), agility or change in direction (g = 0.42), sprint or speed performance (g = 0.39), anaerobic power (g = 0.30), and jumping performance (g = 0.29). For sport-specific performance, the pooled estimate indicated a small favorable effect but did not reach conventional statistical significance (g = 0.36, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.73). Exploratory sub-indicator analyses, each based on only a few studies, suggested possible favorable directions for sport-specific locomotion or running performance (g = 0.46) and throwing or ball-speed outcomes (g = 0.19), whereas evidence was insufficient for shooting or scoring accuracy. Physiological outcomes were direction-aligned to the value conventionally regarded as favourable for each indicator (i.e., lower heart rate, lactate, and glucose), so that positive values denote the conventionally favourable direction; because the domain aggregates indicators of differing clinical desirability, its pooled value is a descriptive summary only and showed no clear domain-level direction (g = -0.05, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.21). The heart rate submetric showed a statistically detectable difference (g = -0.30), indicating that caffeine increased heart rate, the expected pharmacological response to a stimulant rather than an adverse effect; there were no clear effects on blood lactate or blood glucose. Perceptual responses improved modestly (g = 0.42), largely through reduced rating of perceived exertion (g = 0.35). Cognitive performance, based on only four studies with low degrees of freedom and wide uncertainty, showed a nonsignificant direction (g = 0.37) with no clear evidence for reaction time or cognitive accuracy, and these data should not be interpreted as showing that caffeine improves cognitive performance in female team-sport athletes. Exploratory moderator analyses did not provide statistically reliable evidence of moderation by caffeine dose, timing of intake, formulation or source, sport type, competitive level, habitual caffeine intake, or blinding status. CONCLUSIONS:Available evidence most consistently supports small, outcome-specific benefits of acute caffeine for physical performance and reduced perceived exertion. Evidence for sport-specific skills and cognitive outcomes remained uncertain, based on few studies per outcome and not supporting a general benefit. Current data do not support dose-, timing-, formulation-, habitual-intake-, sport-, or population-stratified recommendations. Future trials should be adequately powered, prospectively report menstrual-cycle phase, hormonal-contraceptive use, habitual caffeine intake, and adverse symptoms, and verify the integrity of blinding.
With the rapid development of modern communication technology and multimedia technology, learners can obtain various learning resources in various ways. But the problem that comes with it is to obtain the knowledge needed by learners from many resources efficiently, quickly and effectively, so as to complete the systematic study of college physical education personalized courses. Since 1980s, personalized learning and personalized service in the network learning environment have been studied accordingly. The related research involves many information science fields such as information retrieval, data mining, artificial intelligence, computer communication and network, but the research on the generation of personalized curriculum of college physical education is relatively few. This paper mainly focuses on the research and realization of personalized curriculum generation technology of college physical education, and explores the solution to realize the individualization of college physical education learning content in the process of large-scale online education. A hierarchical recommendation algorithm based on multi-dimensional feature vector is proposed, with a unique emphasis on integrating biomechanics. By analyzing biomechanical indicators like joint mobility, muscle strength, and body coordination of students, the algorithm can accurately assess their physical conditions. This integration can not only help physical education teachers make the overall teaching plan, but also meet the needs of college students’ individual knowledge and ability characteristics for curriculum learning. In addition, the hierarchical implementation of the recommendation algorithm distributes the recommendation of large-scale knowledge base and resource base at different levels, which effectively reduces the dimension, reduces the amount of calculation and improves the efficiency of the implementation of the personalized curriculum generation algorithm of college physical education. Biomechanics-driven optimization ensures that the recommended courses are not only knowledge - based but also safe and effective for students from a biomechanical perspective, enhancing the overall quality of personalized PE curricula.
This trial was designed to evaluate the effects of 4D PRO suspension rope exercise combined with the Mulligan technique in non-specific low back pain (NLBP) patients by musculoskeletal ultrasound and clinical indicators. Sixty patients were randomly divided into the suspension group and the control group for eight weeks. The two groups were also treated with the Mulligan manipulation. The suspension group was treated combined with suspension rope training, while the control group was treated combined with traditional rehabilitation training. Pain, lumbar function and spinal range of motion were measured by a specialist before and after treatment. In addition, musculoskeletal ultrasound was used to measure the thickness of bilateral transversalis and multifidus muscles. After eight weeks, muscle thickness of bilateral transversalis and multifidus muscles, NRS, ODI and spinal range of motion in two groups were significantly better than those before treatment (P<0.05)). The suspension group showed significantly improvement compared to the control group regarding pain, lumbar function, spinal range of motion and the thickness of bilateral transversalis and multifidus muscles(P<0.05). 4D PRO Suspension rope training may be an effective exercise as an adjunctive therapy with Mulligan technology in non-specific low back pain.
The 24-hour movement behaviors, comprising physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep, are crucial factors affecting children's mental health. This study aims to explore the longitudinal association between 24-hour movement behaviors and psychological well-being in overweight and obese children, providing empirical evidence for mental health promotion in this population. A total of 445 overweight and obese children were recruited via stratified cluster random sampling from a provincial capital city in China and followed up for one year. Measures included objectively assessed physical activity and sleep duration using triaxial accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+), parent-reported sedentary screen-based time (SST), and self-reported psychological well-being. After one year, the proportion of children meeting all 3 movement guidelines increased from 10.11% to 11.68%, while those meeting none increased from 11.24% to 15.06%. After adjusting for relevant covariates, children who met individual guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (β=0.377, 95% CI 0.209 to 0.545), sleep (β=0.187, 95% CI 0.042 to 0.332), or guideline combinations of MVPA+SST (β=0.545, 95% CI 0.377 to 0.713) and MVPA+sleep (β=0.602, 95% CI 0.449 to 0.755) showed significant improvements in psychological well-being after one year. Additionally, an increase in the number of guidelines met was significantly associated with improved well-being (β=0.113, 95% CI 0.011 to 0.214). Adherence to any single movement guideline, especially MVPA or sleep, and combinations such as MVPA+SST or MVPA+sleep is significantly associated with enhanced psychological well-being in overweight and obese children. Integrated behaviors may be an effective strategy to improve mental well-being in this population.
The personalization of training is one of the main pillars of performance science, but multidomain reserve modelling based on aerobic, neuromuscular, and autonomic systems remains under-researched. Unlike fixed-load models, the approach uses real-time heart rate variability (HRV) and performance load ratio (PLR) feedback to tune training and recovery, offering a new, evidence-based approach to maintaining the adaptive potential of speed skating. This study tested whether an autoregulated macro–microcycle using readiness signals improves physiological reserve versus volume-matched conventional programming. Eighteen intercollegiate athletes underwent 24 weeks of closely supervised training with the same volume but different load-modulation guidelines. The intervention arm maintained daily intensity using HRV-based readiness thresholds and session-RPE feedback, whereas the control group followed preset linear periodization. Outcomes included maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), lactate threshold (LT), Wingate anaerobic peak power, countermovement jump (CMJ), heart rate recovery at 1 min (HRR-1), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), the low-frequency to high-frequency ratio (LF/HF), and a composite Performance Reserve Index (PRI). Linear mixed model analysis, subgroup contrast, correlation matrices, and cluster segmentation analyses were done. Compared with conventional programming, larger gains were observed for VO₂max (+ 3.9 mL/kg/min, p = 0.010, d = 0.92), lactate threshold (+ 0.57 mmol/L, p = 0.003, d = 1.04), Wingate peak power (+ 67 W, p = 0.005, d = 1.00), CMJ height (+ 4.2 cm, p = 0.021, d = 0.83), HRR-1 (+ 8.3 bpm, p = 0.009, d = 0.93), RMSSD (to 47.6 ms, p = 0.007, d = 0.96), and PRI (0.62→0.85, p < 0.001, d = 2.41). The coordinated aerobic, neuromuscular, and autonomic pattern indicates tighter stimulus–recovery coupling under autoregulation. The autoregulated macro-microcycle training resulted in combined advantages in aerobic capacity, neuromuscular power, and autonomic balance, demonstrating the effectiveness of individualized feedback control as the next-generation paradigm for maximizing long-term adaptation in competitive speed skating. Coaches can apply simple HRV thresholds and sRPE bounds to cap or extend sessions and use PLR bands to schedule deloads and Zone-2 extensions. The study was retrospectively registered with the UK ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN16362421) on 04 September 2025.
