河北旅游职业学院

Mother tongue (L1) interference remains a central obstacle in second language (L2) acquisition within English as a Second Language (ESL) environments. This empirical qualitative study investigates the influence of Bahasa Melayu (L1) on English (L2) narrative essay writing among secondary school students in Hulu Perak, Malaysia. The main objective was to systematically identify, categorize, and analyze the linguistic errors made by ESL learners due to negative L1 transfer. Using a qualitative case study design, thirty Form Two Malay secondary school students were selected via purposive sampling. Data collection involved textual document analysis of 30 narrative essays written under controlled conditions, complemented by qualitative semi-structured interviews with three selected focal participants to provide additional qualitative evidence regarding students’ reported cognitive translation processes. A total of 342 linguistic errors were identified and categorized into three main domains: syntax errors (39.5%), grammatical errors(41.2%), and direct word-for-word translation (19.3%). The findings identified recurring patterns consistent with possible interlingual transfer, particularly in noun–adjective word order, copula omission, tense marking, subject–verb agreement, and literal translation of Malay expressions, driven by fundamental structural dissimilarity between Bahasa Melayu and English syntax (e.g., noun-adjective word order inversion, absence of verb conjugation for tense, omission of copular 'be', and literal translation of Malay idioms). The interview findings further indicated that some learners reported using their L1 as a cognitive resource during drafting, particularly when they were uncertain about English structures or expressions in written L2 output. Recommendations are provided for ESL practitioners to implement contrastive analysis and translanguaging strategies to mitigate negative language transfer in dual-language contexts.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the production performance and nutritional quality of ryegrass.Using Dongmu 70 as the experimental material,a field trial was conducted in Chengde,Hebei Province.The experiment included five groups,with five replicates each,with nitrogen levels set at 0(control group),100(T1 group),150(T2 group),200(T3 group),and 250 kg/hm²(T4 group).The results showed that in 2022,the leaf number of the T3 group was significantly higher than that of the control,T1,and T4 groups(P<0.05),the plant height of the T2 and T3 groups was significantly higher than that of the control and T1 groups(P<0.05),and the branch number and leaf area of the T2,T3,and T4 groups were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).In 2023,the leaf number of the T3 group was significantly higher than that of the control and T1 groups(P<0.05),the plant height of the T2 and T3 groups was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05),and the branch number and leaf area of the T2,T3,and T4 groups were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).In both 2022 and 2023,the fresh grass yield of the T2,T3,and T4 groups was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05),and the leaf-to-stem ratio of the T2 and T3 groups was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).In 2022,the hay yield of the T2,T3,and T4 groups was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).In 2023,the hay yield of the T3 and T4 groups was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).In both 2022 and 2023,the crude protein(CP)content and relative feed value(RFV)of the T3 group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05),while the neutral detergent fiber(NDF)and acid detergent fiber(ADF)concentrations were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).The study indicates that the nitrogen application rate has significant effects on agronomic traits,yield and nutritional quality of ryegrass.When the nitrogen application rate is 200 kg/hm2,the yield and nutritional quality of ryegrass are better.

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different planting row spacings on the production performance and nutritional quality of Medicago sativa L.in the Chengde region of Hebei Province.A randomized block design was adopted,using Zhongmu No.2,Caoyuan No.3,and Gongnong No.1 as test materials.Under a sowing rate of 40 kg/hm2,four row spacing treatments were established 15,25,35,and 45 cm,each with three replicates.The results showed that the plant height of Zhongmu No.2 under row spacings of 25 cm and 35 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm(P＜0.05),while the stem-to-leaf ratio was significantly lower than 15 cm(P＜0.05).The plant height of Caoyuan No.3 under row spacing of 35 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm and 25 cm(P＜0.05).The plant height of Gongnong No.1 under row spacings of 25 cm and 35 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm(P＜0.05).The hay yield of Zhongmu No.2 under row spacings of 25 cm and 35 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm(P＜0.05).The hay yield of Caoyuan No.3 under row spacing of 35 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm and 25 cm(P＜0.05).The hay yield of Gongnong No.1 under row spacing of 25 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm and 45 cm(P＜0.05).The crude protein content of Zhongmu No.2 under row spacings of 25 cm and 35 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm(P＜0.05),while the neutral detergent fiber content was significantly lower than 15 cm and 45 cm(P＜0.05),and the relative feed value was significantly higher than 15 cm and 45 cm(P＜0.05).Under a row spacing of 25 cm,the acid detergent fiber content was significantly lower than 15 cm and 45 cm(P＜0.05).The crude protein content of Caoyuan No.3 under row spacing of 35 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm and 25 cm(P＜0.05),while the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber concentrations were significantly lower than 15 cm(P＜0.05),and the relative feed value was significantly higher than 15 cm(P＜0.05).The crude protein content of Gongnong No.1 under row spacing of 25 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm(P＜0.05),while the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber concentrations were significantly lower than 15 cm(P＜0.05).The relative feed value under row spacings of 25 cm and 35 cm was significantly higher than 15 cm(P＜0.05).The study indicates that the optimal row spacing for Zhongmu No.2 is 25 to 35 cm,for Caoyuan No.3 is 35 cm,and for Gongnong No.1 is 25 cm.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of dandelion extract on the growth performance,diarrhea rate,and intestinal health of calves.A total of 40 healthy calves at five days of age were selected and randomly divided into four groups,with 10 replicates per group and one calf per replicate.The control group was fed a basal diet,while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.2%,0.4%,and 0.8%dandelion extract,respectively.The trial included a one-week pre-experimental period and an eight-week formal experimental period.The results showed that dandelion extract had no significant effect on the average daily feed intake of calves(P＞0.05).Compared with the control group,the final body weight of calves in the 0.4%dandelion extract group increased by 3.08%(P＜0.05),and the average daily gain increased by 8.45%(P＜0.05).The diarrhea rate of calves in the 0.2%,0.4%,and 0.8%dandelion extract groups was significantly reduced(P＜0.05),and the fecal scores of calves in the 0.4%and 0.8%dandelion extract groups was significantly lower(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the number of Lactobacillus and Bacillus in the intestines of calves in the 0.4%and 0.8%dandelion extract groups were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the number of Bifidobacteria in the intestines of calves in the 0.4%dandelion extract group was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The number of E.coli in the intestines of calves in the 0.2%,0.4%,and 0.8%dandelion extract groups was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Dandelion extract had no significant effect on the total intestinal bacteria and Prevotella ruminicola numbers in calves(P＞0.05).Compared with the control group,the activity of aspartate aminotransferase,cholesterol,and urea nitrogen in the serum of calves in the 0.4%dandelion extract group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),while the total protein level was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The globulin level in the serum of calves in the 0.4%and 0.8%dandelion extract groups was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The study indicates that adding 0.4%dandelion extract to the diet of calves can improve growth performance,reduce the diarrhea rate and fecal score,increase the number of beneficial intestinal bacteria,reduce the number of harmful bacteria,and improve overall health.

The experiment aims to explore the effects of dandelion extract on the body size,rumen fermentation parameters,and nutrient apparent digestibility of beef calves.Select 40 healthy five-day-old calves and randomly divide them into four groups,with 10 replicates in each group and one calf per replicate.The control group was fed with basic feed,while the experimental groups were fed with basic feed supplemented with 0.2％,0.4％,and 0.8％dandelion extract,respectively.The pre trial period was one week,and the formal trial period was eight weeks.The results showed that 0.4％dandelion extract could significantly increase the body weight and tube circumference of beef calves(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,feeding 0.4％and 0.8％dandelion extract could increase the rumen microbial protein content by 15.92％and 17.29％,respectively(P＜0.05),feeding 0.4％dandelion extract could significantly reduce rumen pH value(P＜0.05),significantly increase propionic acid content(P＜0.05),and significantly reduce the acetic acid/propionic acid value(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,feeding 0.4％dandelion extract could increase the apparent digestibility of crude protein in beef calves by 7.91％(P＜0.05),and the apparent digestibility of acidic detergent fiber by 14.25％(P＜0.05),feeding 0.4％and 0.8％dandelion extract can increase the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber by 9.91％and 8.19％,respectively(P＜0.05).The results show that dandelion extract can improve the growth performance and body size,promote rumen fermentation,and increase the apparent digestibility of nutrients in beef calves.The best effect is achieved when the addition amount is 0.4％.