Piperazine has become essential for designing anticancer drugs because of its basicity, conformational flexibility, and capacity to serve as a solubilizing agent and molecular linker between hybrid pharmacophores. Researchers have found piperazine to function as a medicinal chemistry component that helps develop bioactive scaffolds through its capacity to control solubility, linker design, and target binding properties. The review presents a comprehensive assessment of piperazine-based anticancer drug research published between 2015 and 2025 through its evaluation of clinically relevant medicinal chemistry findings. The literature is organized based on piperazine’s three main functional roles, which include its use as a linker and solubilizing/basic motif and direct target-recognition element. The study examines major cancer types through scaffold-based structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis, which includes breast cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, and leukemia models. The research demonstrated that various derivatives achieved IC₅₀ values in the low-nanomolar to low-micromolar range in MCF-7, HepG2, and HCT-116, HeLa, PC-3, and K562 cell lines. Researchers have demonstrated how protonatable piperazine nitrogens improve aqueous solubility and formulation development, and interactions of enzyme and kinase active sites with acidic residues, which results in better binding strength and selectivity. The review presents major translational obstacles, which include excessive dependence on 2D in vitro studies, insufficient in vivo and ADME/PK information, and limited progress in clinical applications. The research studies the development of clinically usable piperazine-based anticancer drugs through novel methods, which include green chemistry, click chemistry, molecular docking, and QSAR-focused design.
Solid particle erosion (SPE) is a persistent challenge in engineering systems involving particle-laden flows and a complex, multiscale problem governed by coupled fluid dynamics, particle transport, and material response. From a computational perspective, SPE has emerged as a canonical benchmark for evaluating hybrid numerical and data-driven modeling strategies. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of physics-based, computational, and artificial intelligence (AI) enabled approaches for SPE prediction, with a particular focus on their mathematical foundations, numerical implementation, and scalability. Classical mechanistic erosion models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based solvers are first examined to establish the physical kernels underlying erosion prediction. Recent advances in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), reduced-order modeling, and hybrid CFD-ML frameworks are then systematically analyzed, highlighting their ability to serve as computational surrogates that preserve physical consistency while reducing computational cost by several orders of magnitude. Particular attention is given to feature construction, kernel abstraction, uncertainty quantification consistent with ASME V V principles, and explainability techniques that enhance model interpretability. The review further integrates optimization strategies, digital twin concepts, and real-time predictive frameworks, thereby positioning SPE modeling within a broader computational hierarchy. Beyond erosion, the synthesized methodologies are transferable to erosion-adjacent degradation phenomena, including cavitation, corrosion-wear coupling, and particulate fouling. Overall, this work contributes a unified computational taxonomy that advances scalable, interpretable, and uncertainty-aware modeling of erosion phenomena.
PURPOSE:Carrier screening identifies individuals at risk of transmitting autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive conditions, supporting informed reproductive decisions. Despite international recommendations for universal carrier screening, integration into public healthcare systems remains limited. This study evaluated the feasibility of implementing a carrier screening program in Spain's public health system. METHODS:Non-pregnant women aged 18 to 38 with reproductive intent were recruited through text messages sent from a primary care center, along with their partners. A sequential screening approach was used: women underwent a 351-gene massively parallel sequencing panel and complementary tests, while male partners were tested only if their partner carried autosomal recessive variants. Specific genetic counselling was provided, and emotional responses were assessed through pre- and post-test questionnaires. RESULTS:Of 518 candidates contacted, 400 (77%) responded positively and 152 couples (50.8% of those eligible) enrolled. Among 218 individuals screened, 62% (135) carried at least one pathogenic variant. Six carrier couples (4%) were identified as being at reproductive risk of non-syndromic hearing loss (GJB2, 2 couples), cystic fibrosis (CFTR), Stargardt disease and retinitis pigmentosa (ABCA4), Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (DHCR7), and Fabry disease (GLA). Of four couples followed post-disclosure, 75% opted for in vitro fertilization with preimplantation genetic testing or prenatal diagnosis. Prevention of severe genetic conditions was the most frequently reported motivation for participation. CONCLUSIONS:This study proves the feasibility and clinical utility of carrier screening within a public healthcare system. Our findings demonstrate high participation rates, clinical relevance through the identification of 4% of carrier couples, and strong motivation among participants to prevent the transmission of severe genetic conditions.
A compact two-port triple-band MIMO antenna with intrinsic self-isolation is presented for GSM and sub-6 GHz wireless applications. The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with overall dimensions of 50 × 27 × 1.6 mm³ and consists of two identical rectangular-ring radiators arranged symmetrically. Each radiator is modified with pentagonal slots, while a centrally positioned oval-shaped element is introduced to excite additional resonant modes. The combined effect of radiator shaping and ground-plane engineering enables multiband operation while effectively reducing mutual coupling. Unlike conventional designs that rely on external decoupling structures, such as electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) elements or neutralization lines, the proposed antenna achieves high isolation intrinsically, thereby preserving structural simplicity and compactness. A partial ground plane incorporating circular slots is employed to improve impedance matching and suppress surface current interaction between the antenna elements. The proposed antenna operates over three frequency bands of 0.83–1.02 GHz, 2.75–3.25 GHz, and 4.51–6.12 GHz, covering GSM and sub-6 GHz wireless applications. Measured results show good agreement with simulations, with inter-element isolation exceeding 20 dB across all operating bands. The antenna exhibits an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) below 0.025 and a diversity gain close to 10 dB, along with stable radiation characteristics and a peak gain of approximately 2.5 dBi. Owing to its compact size, multiband capability, and intrinsic self-isolation, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for integration into modern wireless communication systems.
In the research presented, the synthesis of some new (4E)-1-(aroyl)-4-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione compounds was accomplished by the reaction of substituted benzoyl-2-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione with o-hydroxybenzaldehyde by Knoevenagel condensation reaction. In the molecular docking study, the binding affinity ranges of the synthesized derivatives were found to be 6.355 to –10.009 kcal/mol in comparison to tamoxifen (standard), with an affinity of –9.798 kcal/mol against the targeted estrogen receptor (PDB ID: 3ERT). The anticancer action of the targeted compounds was also evaluated by the in vitro MTT assay method, in which the compounds (4Z)-1-(2,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-4-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione and (4Z)-1-(4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-4-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione were found to demonstrate promising cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 0.3426 and 0.479 μM, respectively, while compound (4Z)-1-(4-aminobenzoyl)-4-[(2-hydroxyphenyl) methylidene]-2-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione showed similar antibreast-cancer activity IC50 value 0.685 μM, in comparison to standard drug (tamoxifen) (IC50 = 0.642 μM).
