Fault detection in energy systems is the identification and isolation of defective components utilizing data from relays and circuit breakers inside Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. Upon the occurrence of significant faults, protective devices transmit notifications to the control center, necessitating operators to promptly ascertain the fault's origin, location, and impacted components. As power systems become increasingly intricate, the manual analysis of extensive data is challenging, necessitating the development of automated and precise solutions. This research presents a Petri net-based methodology for modeling and diagnosing defects, utilizing SCADA-acquired relay trip signals and breaker states as inputs. Logical operands from digital relays are incorporated to improve diagnostic reliability. The technique utilizes graphical modeling and matrix operations to track fault propagation and determine impacted regions. The proposed method was validated on an IEEE 14-bus system, achieving 97.6% diagnostic accuracy with a 1.4 s decision time, confirming its capability to considerably decrease processing duration and enhance precision. This methodology is very appropriate for real-time applications, effectively tackling problems like circuit breaker malfunctions and erroneous alerts. The suggested method ultimately offers a rapid, scalable, and resilient solution for fault identification, enhancing system stability and operational safety in increasingly dynamic and data-intensive power networks.
Glioma, particularly glioblastoma (GBM), represent a major challenge in neuro-oncology due to their highly aggressive nature and poor therapeutic outcomes. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely restricts the efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor sites, while the frequent emergence of drug resistance further compromises treatment efficacy. In recent years, nanoparticles have emerged as promising drug delivery platforms, demonstrating considerable potential in overcoming the BBB, enhancing targeting specificity, and reversing drug resistance, owing to their favorable biocompatibility and tunable physicochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the application of nanoparticles for glioma therapy, with a particular focus on strategies for BBB penetration and resistance reversal. Specifically, we summarize the design principles and functional modifications of nanoparticles, as well as their diverse therapeutic mechanisms, including drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, ferroptosis induction, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle-mediated targeting and controlled drug release are discussed in detail. Importantly, current evidence suggests that nanoparticle-based platforms offer a versatile and effective approach for overcoming key biological barriers and therapeutic resistance in glioma, although their clinical translation remains constrained by challenges related to safety, scalability, and targeting heterogeneity. Future research should focus on the development of multifunctional and personalized nanomedicine strategies, integration with multimodal therapies, and rigorous evaluation of long-term safety and clinical efficacy, in order to facilitate the successful translation of these technologies into clinical practice.
A TiB2-reinforced CoCrNi composite coating was deposited onto 42CrMo steel using laser cladding. The influence of TiB2 addition (10
The rapid advancement of flexible electronic devices and artificial intelligence brings convenience to the social life,but it also causes increasingly serious electromagnetic radiation pollution.Therefore,the devel-opment of sustainable and environmentally friendly electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materi-als has been of great significance.In recent years,biomass materials and their derivatives have garnered substantial attention in EMI shielding research due to their renewable nature,low cost and biodegradable properties.In this review,the mechanism of EMI shielding is presented,and the structure and electro-magnetic characteristics of biomass EMI shielding materials are systematically analyzed firstly.Then,the preparation methods of biomass EMI shielding materials are elaborated upon in detail,and the latest research progress of biomass materials and their derivatives for EMI shielding is reviewed.Finally,the critical challenges associated with biomass EMI shielding materials are identified,and the applications and development trends in electronic information,aerospace and other fields are prospected.
Polymer-based thermal conductive composites (PTCs) are crucial for managing heat in microelectronics, yet the impact of filler-filler interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) on their thermal performance remains unclear despite effort s to optimize the filler-matrix interfaces. In this study, the creation of continuous thermal conductive networks with enhanced filler-filler interface contact was achieved in bacterial cellulose/boron nitride nanosheets/MXene composites (BC/BNNS/MXene) by the in-situ coating of silver nanoparticles on the surface of boron nitride nanosheets (Ag@BNNS). The homogeneously dispersed and well-exfoliated BNNS are bridged to each other via the Ag located at the surface of BNNS and a 3D thermal conductive network is formed with solid Ag junctions lying in among. The resulting 3D "branch-leaf" structure significantly enhances thermal conductivity to 18.5 W m-1 K-1 at 30 wt.% Ag@BNNS filler loading, and was demonstrated by first-principles simulations, proving that the merged Ag was used as a thermal transport joint to reduce thermal contact resistance within the 3D BNNS and MXene network. Utilizing the MBAg30 composite film as a thermal interface material has been shown to effectively lower the operating temperature of smartphones, reducing it from 33.4 degrees C to 29.0 degrees C. The film also demonstrates efficient photothermal conversion, with a surface temperature of 83.6 degrees C under 100 mW cm-2 light intensity and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 96.3 %. It demonstrates good stability after seven cycles and can increase ice melting rates in practical applications like agricultural greenhouses and solar heating. The present strategy provides an effective route for developing high-performance PTCs. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.
