Background Heavy metal, organic, pharmaceutical, and microbial contamination in herbal medicines and water require low-cost, multifunctional materials for integrated adsorption, photocatalysis, antibacterial treatment, and photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. Methods Mesoporous aluminosilicate (MAS) was upcycled from LCD glass waste and thoroughly characterized. Its performance was evaluated in heavy metal adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, antibacterial testing against Escherichia coli, and PEC water-splitting. Significant findings MAS showed a BET surface area of 62.4 m² g⁻¹ and a hierarchical architecture of 7.5 μm microclusters, 344 nm nanoparticles, and 12.6 nm mesopores. ICP-OES of 13 Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang ingredients from Can Tho, Vietnam, revealed 7.7% exceeded the WHO Pb limit, including 19.1 μg g⁻¹ Pb in Radix Angelicae Pubescentis. MAS achieved >92.5% Pb²⁺, 83.6% Cd²⁺, and 74.5% As³⁺ removal through ion exchange and surface complexation. It degraded 90% methylene blue in 50 min and 70% chloramphenicol in 30 min under UV-Vis, with rate constants of 3.93 × 10⁻³ and 11.02 × 10⁻³ min⁻¹, respectively. In dim light, MAS inhibited E. coli by 61.1%, and PEC measurements gave ∼11 μA cm⁻² photocurrent and 0.036% ABPE at 0.78 V vs. RHE. MAS is a waste-derived, proof-of-concept multifunctional material exhibiting moderate heavy-metal adsorption, photocatalytic, antibacterial, and preliminary photoelectrochemical activities.
Dye-refilled nanoporous cholesteric liquid crystal polymer (DR-NPCLCP) films, fabricated by washing and refilling with dye-doped liquid crystals (DD-LCs), have emerged as promising templates for next-generation laser applications. Nevertheless, realizing flexible band-edge lasers in these devices remains challenging due to the intrinsic fluidity of liquid crystals. Here, we generated band-edge lasing from a freestanding DR-NPCLCP film, which revealed a circular polarization and a conical emission pattern. The as-prepared DR-NPCLCP film exhibited a 30 nm blue shift in its lasing peak wavelength after 6 days of ambient storage and showed no further shift thereafter. Moreover, the DR-NPCLCP films demonstrated excellent mechanical flexibility, showing an 8 nm red shift with increasing curvature and enabling beam steering by varying the excitation position on the bent films. A spatially tunable lasing peak with a 105 nm wavelength shift was achieved in gradient-pitch distributed DR-NPCLCP films, highlighting their versatility for advanced photonic applications.
Engineering carbon nanostructures directly on carbon fiber fabrics offers an effective route to constructing hierarchical multifunctional coating systems. In this study, methane-based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was employed to investigate nanocarbon coating formation on woven carbon fabrics supported by electrodeposited Ni catalysts. Catalyst morphology was systematically engineered through surface pretreatment, electric-field configuration, and pulse electrodeposition. At 700 degrees C, methane activation was insufficient to sustain continuous nanocarbon growth, indicating a temperature-dependent activation threshold. Raising the growth temperature to 900 degrees C enabled sustained methane decomposition and produced dense nanocarbon coatings; hydrogen assistance suppressed amorphous deposition and promoted more ordered nanofilament features. Pulse electrodeposition refined Ni catalyst dispersion and nucleation density, improving coating uniformity compared with direct-current deposition. Structural ordering was further supported by Raman spectroscopy (D and G bands with an average ID/IG of 0.678 +/- 0.068 for methane-grown samples versus 0.798 +/- 0.011 for electrodeposition-only controls) and by HRTEM revealing multi-layer graphitic walls (similar to 0.34 nm interlayer spacing). Together, the results support a methane-derived dissolution-diffusion-precipitation growth pathway governed by catalyst morphology, temperature, and gas composition. This controllable, textile-compatible catalyst engineering approach provides a scalable route to hierarchical graphitic coatings for carbon-fabric-based composites, electromagnetic interference shielding, and thermal management applications.
With the increasing deployment of 5G private networks in smart manufacturing, transportation, and IoT environments, the high performance of these networks has also introduced new cybersecurity challenges. The convergence of Information Technology (IT), Operational Technology (OT), and Communication Technology (CT) significantly expands the attack surface and exposes systems to cross-domain threats such as rogue base station infiltration, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, and lateral movement. These attacks threaten data integrity, service continuity, and user privacy. To address these issues, this study applies the MITRE FiGHT threat model to depict representative attack stages- including reconnaissance, intrusion, lateral propagation, and service disruption-and integrates CVSS 3.1 scoring with corresponding mitigation strategies. Based on these components, we construct an analytical workflow capable of quantifying risks, identifying governance deficiencies, and guiding targeted improvements. A prototype Cybersecurity Governance Maturity Model (CSGMM) tailored for 5G private networks is subsequently proposed. The proposed framework incorporates six governance domains-policy, asset management, risk defense, incident response, control practices, and supply chain management-and formalizes a three-tier structure covering strategic, tactical, and operational layers. It also defines twenty-five practice objectives aligned with international standards such as ISO/IEC 27002 and NIST CSF 2.0, improving both applicability and interoperability. Experimental validation was conducted using a Free5GC and UERANSIM testbed to simulate practical attack scenarios, including traffic-based DDoS and endpoint-level exploitation. The results show that the implementation of the governance framework, together with FiGHT-based mitigation strategies, leads to a measurable reduction in CVSS risk scores and attack success probability. These findings demonstrate that integrating governance mechanisms with technical defense measures enhances incident response, strengthens network resilience, and supports continuous security management throughout the lifecycle of 5G private network deployment. The proposed model provides a structured reference for both industry and government seeking to advance 5G cybersecurity strategies. It offers practical value for smart manufacturing and other mission-critical applications, supporting organizations in addressing increasingly complex cyber threats in the era of digital transformation.
Hybrid electrodes that reconcile diffusion and surface-controlled redox are essential for high-power and durable storage. Herein, we engineer reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by covalently grafting anthraquinone (AQ) motifs to create dual-function materials that operate efficiently in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Two precursors-2-aminoanthraquinone (AAQ) and 2-(bis(4-aminophenyl)amino)anthracene-9,10-dione (APAAD)-were coupled to graphene oxide and chemically reduced to yield AQ-rGO and APAD-rGO. FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm amide linkages, while powder X-ray diffraction shows enlarged interlayer spacings of 0.930 (AQ-rGO) and 1.280 nm (APAD-rGO). Electrochemical analyses reveal pseudocapacitive behavior with medium-dependent kinetics. In aqueous supercapacitors, cyclic-voltammetry b-values of 0.553 (AQ-rGO) and 0.526 (APAD-rGO) indicate diffusion-influenced charge storage. In LIB system, the b-value increases to 0.85 and 0.82, respectively, with capacitive fractions of similar to 77% and similar to 69% at 0.5-1.0 mV s(-1), reflecting accelerated surface redox and shortened ion paths. Temperature-dependent impedance spectroscopy gives activation energies of 32.7 kJ mol(-1) (AQ-rGO) and 26.7 kJ mol(-1) (APAD-rGO), consistent with galvanostatic intermittent titration analysis, showing higher Li+ diffusivity in APAD-rGO. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance mirrors these kinetics. As a supercapacitor, the anthraquinone-grafted rGO demonstrates a specific capacitance of 60 F g(-1) up to 70 cycles under a scan rate of 5 mV s(-1). As a LIB cathode, APAD-rGO delivers 129.7 mA h g(-1) at 50 mA g(-1), maintains a rate capability from 100 to 2000 mA g(-1), and sustains 1000-cycle durability with excellent stability. This cathode outperforms the rGO cathode with 45 mA h g(-1) under a 50 mA g(-1) current density. As anodes, AQ-rGO and APAD-rGO, respectively, provide initial capacities of 403 and 340 mA h g(-1), stabilize at 345 and 283 mA h g(-1) after 100 cycles, and operate up to 2000 mA g(-1) with progressive activation. Overall, quinone grafting activates dense redox sites, tunes transport length scales, and bridges capacitive and diffusion storage in carbon frameworks.
