Grapes, a widely consumed fruit, are rich in bioactive phenolic compounds with demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. Exosomes carry a diverse array of bioactive molecules derived from their parent cells. In recent years, Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PLENs) have garnered significant research interest due to their unique biological properties and therapeutic potential. We have successfully isolated and characterized grape exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs) with ideal size (~160 nm) and bilayer membrane structure from Kyoho grapes. Through proteomics combined with in situ TEM analyses, we provide direct evidence that GELNs are formed and secreted via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. The metabolomics analysis revealed that GELNs contained higher levels of phenolic compounds and lower carbohydrate content compared to grape juice. Applying GELNs to inflammation reduces the level of inflammatory factors in the tissue and relieves the inflammatory response. Notably, GELNs exhibit low toxicity and remarkable storage stability. Our study presents a novel non-toxic nanotherapeutic strategy for oral inflammation that can effectively reduce the inflammatory response.
Abstract Rationale The impact of repeated community-wide tuberculosis screening is uncertain because evidence from large-scale, multi-round screening campaigns is limited. Objectives We evaluated whether annual, community-based, chest-radiography screening was associated with reduced tuberculosis prevalence and detection of asymptomatic disease across multiple screening rounds. Methods We conducted three annual chest X-ray screening rounds (2021–2023) among adults aged ≥60 years in Lanxi City, Zhejiang Province. All participants underwent chest radiography at community health centers, with referral for diagnostic evaluation and bacteriological testing. We estimated detection yields per 100,000 screened persons, assessed trends, and used direct standardization and repeated-participation analyses. Measurements and Main Results Across all rounds, 214,948 screening encounters were completed. From Round 1 to Round 3, screening-detected prevalence declined for overall tuberculosis (233.1 [95% CI, 194.2–279.7] to 146.3 [95% CI, 123.1–173.9] per 100,000 screened persons) and bacteriologically-confirmed tuberculosis (162.1 [95% CI, 130.3–201.7] to 108.6 [95% CI, 88.8–132.7] per 100,000 screened persons). From Round 1 to Round 3, asymptomatic tuberculosis decreased as both a proportion of cases (47.8% to 26.6%) and prevalence among screened participants (111.5 to 38.9 per 100,000). Compared with Round 1, tuberculosis prevalence was lower in Round 2 (−28.1% change; 95% CI, −44.0 to − 7.5) and Round 3 (−37.2% change; 95% CI, −51.2 to − 19.2). The Round 2-to-Round 3 difference was smaller and included the null (−12.8% change; 95% CI, −31.7 to 11.4). Standardization and repeated-participation analyses yielded broadly similar patterns. Conclusions Serial community-level screening was associated with declining tuberculosis prevalence, including asymptomatic disease, with the largest reduction occurring between the first and second screening rounds.
