Outdoor pedestrian wind comfort and indoor natural ventilation are important aspects of wind environment performance in high-rise residential developments. However, the two objectives are evaluated in different spatial domains and may exhibit inconsistent responses to changes in design parameters. Identifying solutions that balance both objectives through conventional trial-and-error design becomes increasingly difficult as the number of variables and candidate combinations increases. This study develops a multi-objective optimization method that integrates parametric modeling, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and a hybrid NSGA-II–MOPSO algorithm to coordinate outdoor and indoor wind performance. Building positions, orientations, and window locations are represented by a 13-dimensional design vector. Outdoor pedestrian wind comfort and indoor natural ventilation are quantified using two objective functions, DCTCout and DCTCin, defined as the ratios of evaluation points outside the prescribed comfort ranges to those within them. Indoor simulations use façade pressures obtained from the outdoor CFD calculations as boundary inputs. The method is applied to a planned high-rise residential development in Chongqing, China. The optimization used a population of 25 candidate designs over 50 generations, yielding 1250 CFD-evaluated designs. The population mean values of DCTCout and DCTCin decreased by 16.25% and 17.62%, respectively, while their best-so-far values reached 2.14888 and 0.52469. Nine solutions remained on the final first non-dominated front, representing different trade-offs between outdoor and indoor performance. Compared with the outdoor-priority solution, the compromise solution increased DCTCout by only 3.81% while reducing DCTCin by 22.81%. Further improvement in indoor performance was accompanied by a substantially greater deterioration in outdoor performance. The results support the joint consideration of residential layout and opening design when outdoor and indoor wind performance are evaluated simultaneously.
Elevators are essential infrastructure for ensuring the operational continuity of buildings and the safety of occupants. However, existing uniform elevator regulatory practices may not adequately capture the differences in safety risks among various building-use scenarios. This study develops a differential assessment based on regulatory inspection data from 1240 in-service elevators. Descriptive statistics, Wilson confidence intervals, Pearson’s chi-square (χ2) tests, and Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine differences by building type, service age, and major defect categories. The overall non-conformity rate, defined as the proportion of inspected elevators classified as non-conforming, was 22.77%, while the serious safety hazard rate, defined as the proportion of inspected elevators recorded as having serious safety hazards, was 1.10%. Among the 1156 elevators with identified building types, building type was significantly associated with inspection outcomes (χ2 = 39.165, p-value < 0.001). Office buildings and hospitals showed the highest non-conformity rates (55.56% and 41.51%), whereas schools showed the lowest rate (10.29%). A descriptive comparison across service-age groups showed higher non-conformity rates after 10 years of service, with the highest observed value (29.57%) in the 16–24-year-old group. Among the non-conforming elevators included in the defect analysis, door-system defects accounted for 70.00%. Regulatory priorities differed depending on the inspection indicator considered: office buildings and hospitals showed relatively high non-conformity proportions, whereas residential buildings had the largest observed number of non-conforming elevators within the inspected sample. These findings provide a multidimensional basis for differentiated elevator maintenance and regulatory prioritization.
Seismic assessment of reinforced concrete structures requires characterization of member and connection behavior under large cyclic deformations. Moment-resisting frames are widely adopted in seismic regions, but meeting code requirements is problematic when beams are reinforced with prestressing steel strands because their ultimate elongation differs substantially from that of conventional high-ductility reinforcement (e.g., εu,k ≈ 3.5% for Y1770S7 strands versus εu,k ≈ 7.5% for B500C rebars). This study reports the findings of an experimental program conducted on reinforced concrete beam–column joints (NGS), representative of moment-resisting frame systems typically employed in seismic regions. To explore innovative structural solutions, a biomimetic design strategy was adopted, drawing inspiration from the micromechanics of Picea abies (Norway spruce). Five half-scale (1:2) specimens were subjected to quasi-static, displacement-controlled cyclic loading following the ACI 374.2R-13 (ACI T.1.1R-01) protocol, and their performance was evaluated against prescribed acceptance criteria. Adding one longitudinal steel strand and partially anchoring it in normal concrete (NGS2) and in biomaterial-adapted grout (NGS4) did not increase the amount of dissipated energy when compared to the reinforced concrete conventional solution (NGS1). Moreover, the effects of replacing the rebars with partially anchored steel strands (NGS3 and NGS5) proved to be negative.
Contemporary rural public buildings in China are undergoing a critical transition from single-function administrative facilities to multifunctional hubs that integrate public services, industrial support, cultural inheritance, and community interaction. However, existing studies predominantly rely on isolated case descriptions or region-specific practices, lacking systematic synthesis of their functional composition and design mechanisms. To address this gap, this study adopts a qualitative multiple-case analysis of 42 representative rural public service buildings completed after 2018 across China’s five major climatic zones. Through a systematic three-layer coding framework—functional configuration, spatial organization, and environmental strategy—cross-case comparisons were conducted to identify recurring compositional patterns and design strategies. The findings reveal a hierarchical “Three-Core, Six-Auxiliary” functional composition pattern, anchored by convenience, production, and cultural services as cores, supplemented by skills transmission, digital stations, shared storage, exhibition sales, mutual-aid services, and reusable facilities. A four-type design strategy system is distilled: “sharing–activation” for functional complexity, “narrative–identity” for cultural locality, “region–prototype” for climate responsiveness, and “material–craftsmanship” for ecological inheritance. This framework not only clarifies the hierarchical organization between core and auxiliary functions but also demonstrates how these strategies synergistically optimize resource allocation, sustain vernacular heritage, and support low-carbon goals. This study provides a testable and transferable design paradigm, moving rural public building practices beyond empirical intuition toward evidence-based methodological guidance.
Existing studies on FRP strengthening have largely focused on a single material, with limited systematic comparison of GFRP and CFRP systems at varying ply numbers under consistent conditions. This study comparatively investigates the bearing performance of full-span stirrup-reinforced RC beams externally bonded with GFRP and CFRP sheets under three-point bending. Fourteen specimens across seven groups were tested, comprising one control and six strengthened groups with one, two, or three plies of GFRP or CFRP. Bearing capacity, load–deflection response, ductility, and crack evolution were systematically compared. The results indicate that FRP strengthening significantly enhances cracking, yield, and ultimate capacities, with CFRP exhibiting superior performance to GFRP: relative to control beams, CFRP outperforms GFRP by 7–24.6 and 10–17.2 percentage points in yield and ultimate load enhancements, respectively. Sectional stiffness retention increases with ply number; at equal ply count, CFRP provides 11–31 percentage points higher stiffness improvement than GFRP. However, GFRP exhibits superior ductility, with coefficients 12–69.1% higher at identical ply numbers. Both FRP types effectively suppress cracking, shifting the distribution from sparse, wide, localized cracks to dense, narrow, uniformly dispersed cracks, with CFRP achieving better crack width control.
AI-assisted renewal of living vernacular settlements must preserve regional identity and historical layering while keeping professional judgment central; however, current facade-generation studies rarely connect field-derived architectural knowledge, controllable data construction, and subsequent design development within one verifiable workflow. Taking Yun’ao Town as a case study, this study develops a Grasshopper–Pix2Pix method for preliminary renewal of principal (front) facades—the primary public-facing elevations—in a hot-humid coastal setting exposed to disaster-prone weather, which is treated only as maintenance and renewal background rather than as a generative input, constraint, or performance metric. Field surveys documented 310 representative buildings and 1240 facade images. Typological and component analyses informed 160 parametric base models, which were expanded into 870 Facade Semantic Layout (FSL)–Building Elevation (BE) image pairs using four fixed parameters and eleven groups of linked parameters. The dataset was allocated at approximately 80%/10%/10% for training, validation, and testing at the base-model-group level to reduce information leakage, and Pix2Pix was trained for 1000 epochs. Across six representative cases, SSIM ranged from 0.33 to 0.65, with a descriptive mean of 0.54; these values do not represent aggregate validation- or test-set performance. Qualitative inspection identified distorted openings, incomplete balcony edges, interrupted roof lines, unclear railing relationships, ornamental discontinuity, and occasional component overlap. A mini-program and Huangang Road application examined how selected outputs could enter a human-supervised sequence of preliminary comparison, professional screening, manual correction, three-dimensional modeling, and technical drawing development. The contribution is a field-informed, human-supervised generative workflow rather than autonomous design; its outputs remain preliminary visual references requiring measured-survey, conservation, structural, environmental, material, and construction verification.
The construction industry’s dependence on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) makes low-carbon binder systems an urgent priority; yet, the nonlinear interactions among multiple supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and nanomaterials complicate rational mix design. This study fuses explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) with a hierarchy of closed-form mathematical formalisms and an experimental durability programme for a quaternary sustainable concrete in which OPC is partially replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA, 40 kg/m3), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS, 60 kg/m3), natural zeolite (20 or 40 kg/m3) and nano-silica (0–20 kg/m3) at a constant water–binder ratio of 0.45. Thirteen mixes were tested for compressive and flexural strength, rapid chloride penetration (RCPT) and sulfuric acid resistance at 7, 28 and 56 days. The optimum blend (12 kg/m3 nano-silica) reached 45.0 MPa at 28 days, 49.5% above the control, while reducing chloride charge by 70% and acid mass loss by 65%. Information theoretic discrimination among three competing hydration kinetics laws selects the hyperbolic rate model with an Akaike weight of 1.000 (ΔAICc > 32), showing the blend raises the ultimate strength ceiling by 46% while delaying half-strength by only two days. Within this mix series, effective binder (k-value) analysis indicates that, at low dosage, one kilogram of nano-silica contributes 28-day strength broadly comparable to that of several tens of kilograms of OPC (a dataset-specific, dose-dependent estimate rather than a general mass equivalence), and three independent estimators—the experimental peak, the response surface stationary point (12.8 kg/m3) and the marginal efficiency zero (13.2 kg/m3)—converge on an optimum nano-silica dosage of 3.0–3.3% of binder. Principal component analysis compresses the six-dimensional strength–durability response into a single latent statistical axis (interpreted as an indicator of pore connectivity) carrying 91.5% of the variance, and a Fickian error function solution seeded by Berke–Hicks conversion of RCPT charge projects a 3.4-fold extension of the chloride-initiation service life (36.7 versus 10.8 years at 50 mm cover). Six machine learning models were benchmarked; extremely randomized trees performed best (R2 = 0.9905, RMSE = 0.920 MPa; leave-one-out R2 = 0.986; bootstrap 95% CI on R2 [0.981, 0.996]), and SHAP force plot attributions were triangulated with Sobol global sensitivity indices (curing age 75.4%, nano-silica 23.1% of output variance) and response surface significance tests. The optimized mixes cut embodied CO2 by 26–32% and improve eco-strength efficiency 2.1-fold; grey relational analysis over six strength, durability and carbon criteria ranks the 12 kg/m3 nano-silica mixes first. The framework demonstrates how interpretable machine learning, information theoretic model selection, diffusion theoretic service-life projection and experimental durability evidence can be unified into a transparent, physically validated basis for sustainable concrete mix design.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) lintels are conventionally reinforced with steel grids, which are susceptible to long-term corrosion due to moisture penetration and carbonation through the open porous matrix. This study investigates the structural performance and feasibility of AAC lintels reinforced with alternative composite grids—carbon mesh, glass rebar grids, and glass mesh—as corrosion-resistant substitutes for steel. Specimens were evaluated through four-point bending tests to evaluate flexural behavior, capacity, toughness, and production costs. The steel grid achieved the highest peak load (17.20 kN) but showed brittle failure. Carbon mesh showed a pseudo-ductile plateau over a wider deflection range (10.30 mm) and the highest flexural toughness (81,308 N·mm), yielding an 18% toughness increase over the steel control. The glass rebar grid provided the largest displacement tolerance (15.5 mm) through crack-bridging, while lightweight glass mesh showed limited load capacity (3.64 kN). Economic analysis showed that the ready-to-use nature of textile meshes simplifies handling, reduces labor, lowers pre-processing costs to about €0.004 per unit, and eliminates anti-corrosion coatings. Within the tested configurations (n = 3), these findings indicate that carbon mesh and glass rebar grids represent viable alternative reinforcement systems for AAC lintels, offering adequate load-bearing capacity, enhanced deformation tolerance, and simplified, corrosion-free pre-processing.
Frailty represents a significant challenge for aging populations, as population age and the prevalence of functional decline, chronic conditions, and complex health needs increase. This study examines the role of the built environment in the prevention and management of pre-frailty and frailty, with the aim of identifying and synthesizing evidence on environmental elements that influence physical, mental, and social health. The review also explores different interventions and planning approaches that may help reduce the risk of frailty or delay its onset. This study used an umbrella review approach based on existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses focusing on adults aged 45 years and older. Eligible reviews focused on built environment characteristics in relation to frailty, healthy aging, or related health outcomes; reviews of institutionalized populations or those without relevant built-environment or health outcomes were excluded. PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library, and COBISS were searched, with final searches conducted on 1–2 July 2025. Methodological quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist, and findings were synthesized narratively. A total of 26 reviews were included. The findings suggest that built environments that support and promote physical activity, social interaction, accessibility of services, and community engagement are consistently associated with a lower risk of (pre-)frailty and improved quality of life. In particular, high-quality green and blue spaces, safe and walkable neighborhoods with good connectivity, and accessible housing play an important role in maintaining functional independence. Furthermore, the review highlights the importance of subjective perceptions of safety, social cohesion, and neighborhood quality. The evidence is limited by methodological heterogeneity and by the frequent use of indirect frailty-related outcomes. These results provide a basis for the development of evidence-informed recommendations, planning guidelines, and spatial measures to support active and healthy aging in the community. The review was co-financed by the European Union and by the Republic of Slovenia’s State Budget under the European Cohesion Policy Programme 2021–2027 in Slovenia. The review was not registered.
This study aims to construct a graded evaluation method for the construction quality of Highway Prefabricated Beam Bridges, in order to support refined quality control beyond the traditional “qualified/unqualified” judgment. Existing evaluation methods have difficulty effectively distinguishing quality differences within the qualified range, may cause redundant calculations for indicator information with non-linear correlations, are susceptible to the influence of outlier expert judgments, and may mask local critical defects when adopting linear weighted aggregation. This paper uses historical quality inspection and expert evaluation records from 50 prefabricated beam bridges to validate the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an RMSE of 1.24, outperforming the traditional AHP method (1.79) and the equal-weight method (2.52). Five-fold grouped cross-validation at the bridge level gave an RMSE of 1.2180 ± 0.0802 and an R2 of 0.9536. It can provide accurate intelligent decision support for quality and safety control during the construction of Highway Prefabricated Beam Bridges, and promotes the digital upgrade of quality management in the construction industry. The proposed framework can be integrated into a digital construction quality management platform to support bridge quality ranking and early warning of safety-critical defects. The originality of this paper lies in the integration, within a unified evaluation framework, of continuous score conversion based on probability distributions, manifold-learning-based redundancy correction for indicators, geometrically median-based robust fusion of expert weights, and a threshold-triggered risk-sensitive weight adjustment mechanism.
In situ-reconstruction and expansion of existing tunnels in complex urban areas involve simultaneous construction and traffic operation, while pre-existing structural defects may further amplify deformation and safety risks under excavation disturbance. To address this issue, this study develops a dynamic deformation-risk assessment framework for the traffic-bearing side of reconstructed tunnels by integrating defect-induced structural deterioration, excavation-stage deformation responses, and cloud-model-based uncertainty characterization. A three-dimensional finite-difference model was established for an in situ-tunnel reconstruction project in China, in which an elastic modulus weakening coefficient was introduced to represent the mechanical deterioration associated with existing defects. Field monitoring was used to validate the numerical model. At an excavation advance of 47.0 m, the measured and simulated crown settlements were 2.40 and 2.73 mm, respectively, with a relative deviation of 13.75%, while differences at more than 80% of the excavation nodes were within 1 mm. The dynamic assessment showed that the membership degrees of crown settlement and clearance convergence to Grade 2 were 0.418 and 0.406, respectively, with neither indicator entering the Grade 4–5 high-risk range. Clearance convergence entered Grade 2 earlier during excavation and was therefore identified as a priority monitoring indicator for subsequent construction. Numerical simulation was used to obtain and validate the excavation-induced deformation responses, whereas the cloud model was used to classify the corresponding dynamic risk state; no independent long-term deformation forecasting was performed in this study.
Decisions made at the early stage of the design process have a substantial influence on the environmental, socio-economic, and technical performance of a building throughout its life cycle. Although an early-stage sustainability assessment is essential to achieving climate-neutral and nearly zero-energy buildings, its implementation remains challenging due to the need to integrate and evaluate large volumes of heterogeneous data originating from multiple sources and disciplines. In view of this challenge, this study presents a hybrid multi-level approach in which data fusion is combined with Building Information Modeling (BIM), web-based technologies, and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to support the assessment of sustainable alternative design solutions for buildings. The proposed approach is implemented in the BIM4NZEB-DS web-based decision-support system and validated through a case study. In the data fusion model, BIM-derived information is combined with data from external sources within a unified environment, enabling designers to define sustainability indicators, assign relative level of importance, and evaluate design alternatives across key sustainability dimensions. Automated multi-criteria analysis enables the ranking and comparison of design solutions. The results of the case study demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach in terms of efficiently combining heterogeneous datasets and automating and facilitating systematic comparison of early-stage design alternatives. The findings indicate that a combination of BIM-based information management, web-enabled data fusion, and automated MCDM analysis enhances the transparency, consistency, and robustness of sustainability-oriented decision making. The approach described here contributes to the advancement of digital decision-support systems for sustainable building design and represents a practical tool for supporting climate-neutral building development during the most influential stages of the design process.
Additional loads from new buildings spanning existing underground utility tunnels, together with seismic action, may induce uneven settlement and structural damage in tunnel systems. To mitigate this risk, a precast cavity structure is proposed to replace the soil above the tunnel, isolating load transfer and controlling settlement. In the proposed structure, precast reinforced concrete shear walls with openings serve as key vertical load-carrying and lateral-force-resisting members. To clarify the cyclic behavior, two shear walls with openings were designed to possess the same geometry and reinforcement details but were tested under reversed cyclic loading in two orthogonal in-plane orientations. The failure modes, hysteretic behavior, backbone curves, stiffness degradation, and energy-dissipation capacity were analyzed. The results show that flexural-shear failure occurred in both wall limbs under horizontal cyclic loading, whereas flexural-shear failure developed only in the right wall limb under vertical cyclic loading. The initial stiffness, peak load, peak drift ratio, and ultimate drift ratio under horizontal cyclic loading were 1.87, 2.06, 1.76, and 1.64 times those under vertical cyclic loading, respectively, indicating that the performance of the shear wall with opening is more unfavorable under vertical cyclic loading. Further, existing models were used to predict the loading-carrying capacity. The results indicate that the strut-and-tie model (STM) and GB 50010-2010 gave the best and acceptable overall predictions, respectively. The findings provide experimental evidence for component design and seismic performance evaluation of cavity replacement structures used in projects spanning underground utility tunnels.
Freeze–thaw cycling can alter soil–structure interface response in seasonally frozen regions. This study investigated the direct-shear behavior of a commercially sourced silty-loam–concrete interface subjected to sealed freeze–thaw cycling. A 25-condition mixed-level design based on the standard L25(56) orthogonal array (25 runs with six available five-level columns) considered normal stress, nominal interface roughness, moisture content, and freeze–thaw-cycle number; each main condition was tested once, so the results are interpreted descriptively. Shear strength and shear-induced vertical contraction were measured, and digital image correlation (DIC) was used to characterize surface deformation localization. The level-wise mean shear strength increased with normal stress and approximately linearly with roughness. It changed little between 14% and 18% moisture content and decreased at 22% and 26%; the measured plastic limit was 19.2%. With increasing freeze–thaw cycles, the level-wise mean strength decreased to three cycles, then recovered and approached stabilization. These results provide laboratory-scale evidence under the tested closed-system conditions rather than directly transferable pile-design parameters.
Natural gas consumption in urban residential buildings is important for household energy affordability and the low-carbon transition of the residential sector. Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2005 to 2020, this study employs a panel regression model to examine the impact of residential natural gas prices (NPs) on per capita natural gas consumption (NGC) in urban residential buildings. We apply the model to estimate price elasticity and analyze the transmission mechanism of energy consumption intensity (EI), while examining the differentiated characteristics of price effects from both regional and urbanization-stage perspectives. The main findings are as follows: (1) NP shows a significantly negative association with residential NGC, with a price elasticity of −1.182; (2) EI serves as a potential transmission channel between NP and NGC, with its indirect effect offsetting 12.5%; (3) heterogeneity analysis shows that price elasticity is statistically significant only in the western region. Across urbanization quartiles, the absolute magnitude of price elasticity is greatest in Q2. This study provides empirical evidence to optimize tiered natural gas pricing, refine targeted subsidy policies, and inform energy utilization policies in urban residential areas.
Lhasa combines abundant solar resources with a high heating demand and low winter solar altitude, making residential morphology simultaneously important to operational energy use and roof–façade photovoltaic (PV) generation. Based on a residential-area inventory covering more than 80 residential areas and 15 typical slab-type blocks, this study developed locally constrained parametric prototypes and generated 2186 valid physics-based samples. Thirteen morphological predictors were retained for surrogate modelling, followed by sunlight-constrained bi-objective optimization at floor area ratio (FAR) = 1.5, 1.8, and 2.2. On the independent test set, the selected energy and PV surrogate models achieved R2 values of 0.999 and 0.989, respectively. The Pareto fronts at FAR = 1.5 and 1.8 included near-zero annual net-energy solutions, whereas FAR = 2.2 retained a minimum deficit of 0.682 × 106 kWh. Low-energy solutions generally favoured a lower site coverage, continuous elongated slabs, and a greater mean height, whereas high-generation solutions favoured larger building footprints, a lower height, and controlled shading. As FAR increased, façade PV made a larger contribution, but this was insufficient to offset the decline in the rooftop supply and the rise in total energy demand. Energy-balance-oriented solutions generally concentrated the building orientation within 5–15° and the building depth within 14.0–15.5 m, with the density and height requiring a joint adjustment across FAR scenarios. The results provide an interpretable basis for the early-stage morphology screening and planning control of slab-type residential development in Lhasa.
Climate change and the transformation of European forests, characterized by an increasing proportion of deciduous species, have encouraged the greater use of a wider range of hardwood species for structural applications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the delamination resistance of locally available hardwood and its suitability for producing glued laminated timber. A total of 15 specimens manufactured from European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and bonded using a melamine–urea–formaldehyde adhesive system were tested using each of the EN 14080 delamination methods (A and C) to determine their resistance and durability. The obtained mean total delamination was 23.53% for method A and 26.43% for method C, exceeding the EN 14080 acceptance limits. The delamination results did not meet the limits prescribed by the European standard, indicating that the applicability of standardized delamination procedures should be further evaluated using different adhesive systems and manufacturing conditions. Nevertheless, specimens manufactured from the same hardwood and bonded with the same adhesive system have previously satisfied the requirements in shear tests of glue lines, suggesting that delamination and shear tests evaluate different aspects of bond performance. As only one manufacturing configuration of European hornbeam bonded with a melamine–urea–formaldehyde adhesive system was investigated, further research is required before broader conclusions regarding the applicability of standardized delamination procedures to hardwood can be drawn.
This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the thermal performance of a wood–aluminum window installed in a timber building exposed to real climatic conditions. The assessment is based on long-term in situ measurements of heat flux and temperature variations. The aim of the research was to determine the thermal transmittance of individual parts of the window assembly, analyze their dynamic thermal behavior, and identify critical areas in terms of heat losses. The results revealed a spatially heterogeneous distribution of heat fluxes through the window structure. The center of the glazing achieved values close to the declared Ug parameter, whereas the edge regions of the glazing and the window frame exhibited a significant increase compared with the declared values. The time-dependent analysis confirmed a distinct diurnal cycle of heat flux and a phase shift between the glazing and frame components. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the accuracy of local U-value determination is significantly affected by the magnitude of the temperature difference, with the stability and repeatability of the calculated U-values improved at higher ΔT values, particularly above approximately 10–15 K. The findings highlight the need for detailed, spatially resolved assessment of window structures and emphasize the importance of experimental verification of their thermal performance under real conditions.
Accurate prediction of retaining-pile displacement is important for deformation control during staged deep-excavation construction, where monitoring series often exhibit pronounced nonstationarity and multiscale temporal variation. To account for the distinct temporal characteristics of the trend and fluctuation components, this study proposes a CEEMDAN–SVR–PSO-LSTM hybrid framework, termed CSPL. Complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) is first used to decompose the monitored displacement series into a slowly varying residual and oscillatory intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Support vector regression (SVR) is employed to predict the trend component, whereas particle swarm optimization (PSO)-optimized long short-term memory (LSTM) is used to predict the fluctuation components. The component-wise predictions are then reconstructed to obtain the final displacement prediction. The proposed model is validated using monitoring data from two Zhengzhou Metro projects. For Case 1, the model achieves average R2, RMSE, and MAPE values of approximately 0.94, 0.33 mm, and 2.8%, respectively, across different monitoring depths, showing better overall predictive performance than BP, EMD-LSTM, and VMD-GRU. For Case 2, external validation using 90 depth-wise monitoring points over six construction stages yields millimeter-level errors, supporting stable predictive performance under different geological and support-system conditions. The results further indicate that the late construction stages and the upper pile segments deserve particular attention in deformation control. The proposed model provides a data-driven tool for construction-stage displacement prediction and deformation control in underground geotechnical engineering.
Moon and Mars mission architectures are shifting from short stays to longer surface stays in isolated, confined and extreme (ICE) conditions, where small crews live almost entirely inside pressurized habitats. As transit durations increase and lunar outposts evolve into more permanent bases, crews are exposed for longer periods to environmental hazards and non-terrestrial gravity that disrupt usual sensorimotor patterns. In this context, the habitat becomes the primary interface between human bodies and extreme environments, shaping how inhabitants perceive, move, orient themselves and sustain everyday routines away from Earth. This article develops a neuroarchitecture integrative model for indoor living in lunar and Martian habitats, treating space habitat resilience as a cognitive and experiential property of the human–habitat system. The model connects advances in space architecture and planetary science research with person–environment theories to show how interior form and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) influence attention, emotional regulation and social functioning under confinement. It distinguishes a macro scale, where planetary constraints compress human experience into Built Environments in Extreme Environments (BEXEs), from a micro scale, where habitability is organized into four functional clusters (somatic, operational, psychosocial and ludic-recreational). Conventional IEQ assessment addresses a small set of generic dimensions applicable to any building; here, these are reorganized into twelve cluster-specific dimensions, three per cluster, calibrated for confinement and for the absence of an accessible exterior. Focusing on room shape and proportions, degrees of enclosure and visual order as key interior variables, the model positions the habitat as an active co-regulator of cognition and argues for design agendas that move beyond minimum safety and volume standards toward evidence-informed cognitive habitability in emerging off-Earth settlements.
