Pine wood pyrolysis was investigated at slow heating rates of 10–35 K/min and fast heating rates of 150–350 K/min using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR-MS product analysis. Increasing heating rate shifted the DTG shoulder temperature from 622 to 712 K, the main DTG peak temperature from 653 to 752 K, and the temperature corresponding to a fixed conversion of α=0.85 from 669.6 to 763.9 K, while the final residual mass remained within 18.3–19.8
A series of methylene-bridged dinuclear (2-methyl-4-phenylindenyl) metallocene catalysts was systematically evaluated for the oligomerization of 1-octene and 1-decene to produce high-viscosity lubricant base oils. The dinuclear catalysts (2d–7d) showed higher catalytic activity than the corresponding mononuclear catalyst 1d, and catalyst 5d (methylene bridge length n = 5) showed the best catalytic performance. Using 5d as the representative catalyst, we systematically studied the effects of reaction temperature, Al/Zr molar ratio, B/Zr molar ratio, and hydrogen pressure on the oligomerization reaction. The obtained oligomeric products exhibited medium-to-high kinematic viscosity (KV100 > 20 cSt) and a high viscosity index (VI > 210). 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses indicated that the oligomeric products contained unsaturated structures including vinylidene, vinyl, trisubstituted olefin, and internal olefin groups. Increasing hydrogen pressure enhanced the unsaturated signals, indicating effective regulation of chain transfer and termination. The 13C NMR spectrum further showed that the obtained poly(1-decene) possessed a relatively regular long-alkyl side-chain structure, indicating that this catalytic system has potential for industrial production of lubricant base oils.
Ce-doped LaMnO3/γFe2O3 catalysts were prepared to investigate the influence of Ce incorporation on catalytic activity and reaction mechanism for NH3-SCR denitrification. The catalytic performance tests showed that Ce doping significantly enhanced low-temperature activity and broadened the temperature window. The catalyst with a Ce doping ratio of 0.4 exhibited the best performance, achieving 96
This study reveals that sonication-assisted acid leaching, particularly with a 20-min sonication duration (SMS20), offers a highly effective pretreatment method for Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS), significantly reducing its ash content and enhancing its suitability as a bioenergy feedstock. While SMS is a promising bioenergy resource, its high alkali and alkaline earth metal (AAEM) content leads to elevated ash levels, causing operational challenges such as slagging, fouling, and reduced pyrolysis efficiency. Previous kinetics studies often overlooked the comprehensive thermal degradation behavior across all major decomposition stages. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of sonication-assisted acid leaching on the thermal degradation behavior and activation energy of SMS across three decomposition sections corresponding to moisture removal, hemicellulose degradation, and cellulose degradation. The ash content was significantly reduced from 19.766 Schematic workflow of the pyrolysis of acid-leached Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS). the process involves biomass preparation (drying, grinding, and sieving to 250 µm), followed by 1
Controlling regioselectivity in palladium-catalyzed Wacker oxidations to synthesize anti-Markovnikov (AM) aldehydes remains challenging due to the intrinsic Markovnikov (M) bias of standard palladium complexes. Combining reaction kinetics, multinuclear NMR, ESI–MS, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, we investigated the mechanism governing regiochemical inversion during 1-decene oxidation. Conducting the reaction in anhydrous tertiary alcohols, specifically tert-butanol (t-BuOH) and 2-methyl-2-butanol, allows the solvent to act directly as a steering nucleophile, achieving an AM-selectivity of 19.1 ± 0.8
