Ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are fundamental movements that contribute to lower-limb stability and explosive performance in sports. Adequate ankle strength and active range of motion (AROM) may be associated with athletic performance, whereas limitations in these parameters may be associated with impaired function and increased injury risk. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the associations between ankle strength, AROM, and reactive strength index (RSI) in youth soccer players. A total of 79 male youth soccer players from the U15, U16, U17, and U19 age categories participated in the study. Isometric ankle strength, ankle ROM, and RSI were assessed, and their associations were examined using forced-entry multiple linear regression models, in which dominant- and non-dominant-leg dorsiflexion and plantar flexion values were entered simultaneously as predictors of RSI outcomes, as predictors of RSI outcomes, with Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction applied to account for multiple comparisons. In the dominant leg (DL), both dorsiflexion and plantar flexion AROM were associated with DL RSI, explaining 18.0
Sprint interval training (SIT) has been widely implemented as an effective strategy to enhance explosive performance in athletes. However, the effects of different SIT modalities on anaerobic power output, sprint performance, and jumping ability in high-level athletes remain inconclusive. Therefore, the present study employed a meta-analytic approach to systematically evaluate the effects of SIT on explosive performance in high-level athletes, with the aim of providing evidence-based guidance for its practical application. The literature search was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to August 16, 2026, and study selection procedures were performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE system. A random-effects model was applied to calculate pooled mean differences (MDs). A total of 27 eligible studies were included. Moderate-certainty evidence showed that SIT significantly improved anaerobic power in high-level athletes, including PPO (MD = 60.89 W, 95
Although exercise interventions have shown benefits in several cancer populations, evidence during chemotherapy for gynecologic cancers remains limited. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of a home-based exercise intervention for cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, and physical function in patients undergoing chemotherapy for gynecologic cancers. A total of 110 patients with cervical, endometrial, or ovarian cancer were randomized 1:1 to an exercise or control group during paclitaxel–carboplatin chemotherapy. The home-based intervention comprised 30 min of moderate-intensity walking and squat exercises three times weekly. Participants attended rehabilitation visits every 3 weeks for feedback on safety, appropriate technique, and adherence. Control participants received standard care without exercise instructions but recorded their daily activity. The primary endpoint was change in fatigue measured using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F) subscale. Secondary endpoints included other patient-reported outcomes, physical function, body composition, and adverse events. Fifty-one and 55 patients in the exercise and control groups, respectively, were evaluable. No significant difference in FACIT-F change was observed (LS mean difference: 1.8; 95
Tactical analysis in badminton is critical for performance optimization, yet traditional manual video review is time-consuming, subjective, and difficult to scale. Existing deep learning approaches struggle with rapid stroke recognition from single frames and require extensive labelled data. We present BadmintonVision, an integrated framework combining self-supervised learning (SSL), temporal modelling, and tactical analysis for automated badminton analysis. The detection model is pretrained on 139,501 unlabelled images using ConvNeXt V2. We develop MotionFormer, a Transformer-based module processing 10-frame windows (400 ms) to capture complete stroke cycles and construct a dataset of 30,000 expert-annotated images from BWF World Championships (2019–2025) covering five action classes. BadmintonVision achieves 94.1
This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of verbal encourager sex (male vs. female) on exercise performance and physiological responses in healthy males during a maximal incremental ramp exercise test. A randomized, single-blind, crossover controlled design was employed. Forty-five healthy males completed two identical incremental ramp cycle ergometer tests (20 W·min−1) to exhaustion, separated by one week, under standardized verbal encouragement from either a male or a female encourager. Performance measures (time to exhaustion, pedaling cadence) and key physiological variables, including maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak), minute ventilation (V̇E, BTPS), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and total energy expenditure (EE), were recorded. Paired-sample t-tests were used for comparison. Compared to the male encourager condition, the female encourager condition resulted in a significantly longer time to exhaustion (751 ± 177 s vs. 708 ± 150 s; p = .013) and higher pedaling cadence (72 ± 8 vs. 66 ± 5 rpm; p < .001). Concurrently, significant increases were observed in VO2peak (44 ± 8 vs. 39 ± 7 mL·kg−1·min−1; p < .001), V̇E (130.1 ± 26.4 vs. 106.8 ± 24.7 L·min−1; p < .001), RER (1.28 ± 0.08 vs. 1.22 ± 0.10; p = .001), and EE (320 ± 55 vs. 284 ± 55 kcal; p < .001). Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) ranged from medium to large. During a maximal incremental ramp test, a female verbal encourager significantly enhanced exercise performance and elicited stronger cardiometabolic responses in male participants. Encourager sex is thus a relevant socio-psychological moderator for exhaustive exercise outcomes. Sex-targeted verbal encouragement strategies may optimize performance in male-specific fitness assessments or high-intensity training. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2600119275; date of registration: February 25, 2026. Retrospectively registered.
This study investigated the effects of myofascial chain-focused training on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and dynamic balance in a small, specific cohort of youth football players, while also examining how performance changed across the intervention with different chain sequences. Forty licensed adolescent male football players (U15–U16) participated in a 12-week intervention program consisting of training protocols based on distinct myofascial chain sequences (posterior-chain-first vs. spiral-chain-first). Performance assessments were conducted at four time points (pre-test, mid-test, post-test, and follow-up) using the CMJ and Y-Balance Test (YBT). The resulting data were analyzed through both conventional statistical approaches and a knowledge graph-based framework designed to model phase-dependent adaptation dynamics. ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time for all variables (CMJ: F₁.₅₁₅,₅₇.₅₈₁ = 69.15, p < .001, ηp² = 0.645; YBT-R: F₁.₀₃₃,₃₉.₂₆₈ = 17.12, p < .001, ηp² = 0.311; YBT-L: F₁.₀₅₂,₃₉.₉₇₂ = 11.45, p < .001, ηp² = 0.232). However, the Time × Group interaction was not significant for any variable (p > .05 for all), indicating similar overall improvement trajectories between sequences. Pairwise comparisons showed that CMJ improved progressively across all time points (pre-to-follow-up mean difference = 7.57 cm, p < .001). Descriptive knowledge graph queries showed numerically larger early-phase CMJ gains in the spiral-chain-first group (Pre–Mid mean delta = 3.65 cm vs. 2.80 cm) and numerically larger late-phase gains in the posterior-chain-first group (Post–Follow-up mean delta = 4.49 cm vs. 1.49 cm). These differences were exploratory and were not supported by an independent inferential test of sequence effects across phases. Myofascial chain training was associated with improvements in CMJ and YBT performance over time, but no training sequence was demonstrated to be statistically superior. The knowledge graph provided a complementary relational representation of changes across intervention phases and individual athlete responses; however, these outputs were descriptive and hypothesis-generating rather than independent inferential evidence. Therefore, the observed numerical differences between sequences should not be interpreted as proof of sequence superiority. Due to the small and specific sample, these findings have limited generalizability, and the observed sequence-specific patterns remain exploratory and hypothesis-generating. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07665138, Registered 18/06/2026. Retrospectively registered.
Executive-function decline can compromise independence in later life. Exercise may support executive function, but whether open-skill exercise confers greater benefits than closed-skill exercise across domains remains uncertain. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to 3 May 2026 without language restrictions. We included randomized controlled trials of structured exercise lasting at least 4 weeks in cognitively healthy older adults. Outcomes were classified as inhibitory control, working memory, or cognitive flexibility and separated into reaction-time and performance-based measures. Benefit-oriented Hedges’ g values were synthesized using dependency-aware three-level random-effects models with trial-level CR2 cluster-robust inference. Exercise category was examined as an exploratory moderator. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 and certainty with GRADE. Twenty-seven independent trials contributed 1,598 distinct analysed participants across eligible intervention and comparator arms. Exercise significantly improved inhibitory-control reaction time (g = 0.346, 95
Immersive virtual reality (VR) may provide a controlled environment for perceptual-motor practice in soccer goalkeepers, although evidence for transfer and psychophysiological adaptation remains limited. This non-randomized controlled study examined 32 male youth goalkeepers: 20 completed a 10-week VR program (two sessions per week), while 12 continued usual field-based training. Simple visual reaction time, critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed in both groups before and after the intervention. Three VR tasks were assessed only in the intervention group and analyzed as exploratory task-specific outcomes. After multiplicity correction, the overall scores for the Reaction, Deflection, and Visuomotor Discrimination tasks improved, together with selected ancillary measures. However, these tasks were identical or closely matched to those practiced during training. The group × time interaction for simple visual reaction time was nominally significant before multiplicity correction but was not significant after multiplicity adjustment and was not confirmed by the baseline-adjusted sensitivity analysis. No significant adjusted interactions were observed for CFFT, heart rate, or HRV. The program was associated with task-specific performance changes but did not demonstrate transfer to competitive goalkeeping, retention, or general autonomic modulation. Randomized studies using active controls, independent field-based outcomes, and delayed follow-up are required.
To systematically compare the relative effects of different training modalities on preplanned change-of-direction (COD) performance in basketball players using a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost were systematically searched from inception to July 17, 2026, for randomized and non-randomized controlled studies investigating longitudinal training interventions in basketball players. Eligible outcomes were restricted to preplanned, non-ball, single-bout COD performance assessed using timed tests. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool for randomized controlled trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies. A Bayesian random-effects network meta-analysis was performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95
Youth soccer players repeatedly perform explosive actions, short accelerations, linear sprints, decelerations, and multidirectional movements. However, the comparative effects of different structured physical-conditioning programmes remain uncertain. Seven databases were searched from inception to 3 July 2026 using a final expanded search strategy encompassing plyometric, strength or resistance, sprint, acceleration, speed, change-of-direction, neuromuscular, multicomponent, and combined training. Randomised controlled trials involving healthy youth soccer players were eligible. Intervention arms were classified using operational, content-based node definitions. Construct-restricted primary networks and expanded sensitivity networks were analysed using frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis. Hedges’ adjusted g was preferentially calculated from post-intervention or final-follow-up means, standard deviations, and sample sizes. Estimates were presented so that positive values indicated better performance. P-scores were treated as descriptive ranking summaries. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted study-level application of the five-domain RoB 2 framework, and confidence in the evidence was assessed using CINeMA. A post hoc strict-age sensitivity analysis excluded two age-boundary studies. Eighty-nine studies were included in the expanded quantitative analysis, of which 74 contributed to at least one construct-restricted primary network. The primary lower-limb explosive-power, acceleration, 20-m sprint, and planned change-of-direction networks included 55, 20, 25, and 38 studies, respectively. Compared with usual soccer training, plyometric training combined with sprint and/or change-of-direction training showed favourable estimates for lower-limb explosive power (SMD 0.79, 95
Sedentary lifestyles have become increasingly prevalent in modern society, negatively affecting physical and cognitive functioning. Although traditional exercise programs are widely used to improve health outcomes, maintaining long-term motivation and adherence remains challenging. VR-based exercise has emerged as an innovative approach that combines physical activity with cognitive engagement. This study aimed to compare the effects of VR-based and traditional exercise interventions on concentration, reaction time, balance, and flexibility in sedentary adults. A randomized controlled trial with a pre-test–post-test design was conducted involving 33 sedentary adults randomly allocated to a VR exercise group, a traditional exercise group, or a control group (n = 11 per group). The intervention groups participated in supervised exercise programs three times weekly for eight weeks, whereas the control group maintained their usual lifestyle. Outcome measures included concentration, hand and foot reaction time, flexibility, and multidirectional balance. Data were analyzed using mixed-design repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by baseline-adjusted ANCOVA and Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate corrections. Significant Group × Time interaction effects were observed for concentration, hand reaction time, foot reaction time, and flexibility (all q ≤ 0.021), but not for bilateral, dominant-leg, or non-dominant-leg balance (all q > 0.05). Concentration and hand reaction time improved most in the VR group, which outperformed both the traditional exercise and control groups, with the traditional exercise group also outperforming control (p < 0.05). Foot reaction time improved similarly in the VR and traditional exercise groups (p < 0.05), both outperforming control, with no significant difference between the two intervention groups (p > 0.05). Flexibility was maintained in the intervention groups, whereas a decline was observed in the control group (p < 0.05). VR-based exercise appears effective for enhancing concentration and reaction performance in sedentary adults and may help preserve flexibility during physical inactivity. While balance outcomes remained unchanged, VR-based exercise showed significantly greater improvement than traditional exercise in concentration and hand reaction time in this sample; however, given the small sample size and exploratory nature of the trial, these comparative findings should be interpreted with caution and require confirmation in adequately powered trials. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07567144, registered on 2026-04-21, retrospectively registered.
This study aims to investigate the effects of a six-week resistance band training programme on strength, vertical jump and sprint performance in young male basketball players. The study employed a pre-test–post-test experimental design with a control group. Twenty male basketball players (age: 16.35 ± 0.67 years; height: 177.95 ± 8.10 cm; body weight: 70.52 ± 10.69 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups (experimental, n = 10; and control, n = 10). The experimental group underwent a six-week resistance band training programme in addition to their basketball training, whilst the control group continued with their routine basketball training only. The players underwent testing for leg strength, back strength, vertical jump height, 30-metre sprint performance and handgrip strength before and after the six-week intervention. Data meeting the assumptions of normality were analysed using Repeated Measures ANOVA. Leg strength (F = 12.909, p = 0.002, ηp² = 0.418), back strength (F = 7.385, p = 0.014, ηp² = 0.291), vertical jump performance (F = 11.780, p = 0.003, ηp² = 0.396) and dominant hand grip strength (F = 13.179, p = 0.002, ηp² = 0.423). In contrast, no significant group × time interaction was observed for 30 m sprint performance (F = 1.099, p = 0.308, ηp² = 0.058) or non-dominant hand grip strength (F = 0.249, p = 0.624, ηp² = 0.014). In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that a six-week resistance band training programme may improve leg strength, back strength, dominant-hand grip strength and vertical jump performance in young male basketball players. No significant improvements were observed in non-dominant hand grip strength or 30-m sprint performance. Overall, these findings indicate that resistance band training may represent a practical, low-cost and feasible strategy for supporting the development of strength- and power-related performance during the in-season period in young male basketball players.
Metabolic prediction equations provide a low-cost means of estimating submaximal cycling oxygen uptake (VO₂), yet equations derived from maximal exercise are often applied to steady-state fixed-load protocols without validation. Portable analysers including the COSMED K5 and CORTEX MetaMax 3B permit field-based VO₂ measurement, but neither is error-free. We assessed agreement between four prediction equations and both devices in untrained young women, partitioning total error into bias-related and residual components. Nineteen untrained young women completed four constant-power cycling stages (30, 40, 50, 60 W). VO₂ was estimated from four equations (one submaximal cycling formula, three maximal-test equations) and measured concurrently with two portable indirect calorimeters. Linear mixed-effects models accounted for repeated within-participant observations. Agreement was evaluated using Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and Bland–Altman analysis with proportional bias testing; 95
Cognitive impairments are prevalent among children and adolescents. Although high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient exercise intervention with substantial potential to improve cognitive function, current empirical findings remain equivocal. This study uses a three-level meta-analysis to comprehensively synthesize existing evidence. We aim to evaluate the overall impact of HIIT on cognitive function in this population and systematically explore potential moderators. We systematically searched the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for eligible randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges’ g with a correction for small-sample bias. Data were analyzed by constructing a three-level hierarchical linear model using the metafor package in R. Seventeen studies contributed 59 eligible effect sizes. The primary three-level random-effects meta-analysis including all eligible effect sizes yielded a positive average effect of HIIT on cognitive task performance (Hedges’ g = 0.45, 95
This study investigated the effects of short- and long-term cycling exercise on salivary cortisol and IL-6 responses in team athletes with varying cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Twenty-seven athletes were categorized into three fitness groups based on estimated VO2max: very poor/poor (V/P), fair/good (F/G), and excellent/superior (E/S). Participants completed two cycling tests in short-term (ST) maximal and long-term (LT) submaximal conditions, with saliva samples collected pre-exercise and at 0 and 30 min post-exercise to measure cortisol and IL-6 levels. Preliminary psychological assessments for anxiety and depression were also conducted. Findings showed no significant changes in cortisol levels across conditions or fitness groups (p > 0.050). However, IL-6 levels increased significantly post-exercise in both ST (36
Tendinopathy is a disabling and painful condition commonly associated with repetitive mechanical loading. Eccentric training (ECC) has been widely used in rehabilitation but can be mechanically demanding and pain-provoking. Heavy-Slow Resistance Training (HSRT) has emerged as an alternative loading strategy for treatment of tendinopathies. This study aims to investigate the changes of chronic eccentric training (ECC) and HSRT on morphological, mechanical, and clinical outcomes in patients with patellar and Achilles tendinopathy. An electronic search was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science in January 2024, with updated in January 2025 and April 2026. In total, 7176 studies were identified. After removing duplicates (n = 2543) the remaining articles were screened by two researchers by title and, if necessary, by abstract or full text to check eligibility. Studies investigating adults with Achilles or patellar tendinopathy who underwent ECC or HSRT were eligible. The outcomes assessed were tendon thickness, stiffness, cross-sectional area, neovascularization and young’s modulus, along with pain, muscle strength, and the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment (VISA) questionnaire. After a thorough screening process, 16 studies were included in the review. Both interventions showed beneficial results on clinical and functional outcomes, increasing muscle strength and VISA questionnaire score on both tendons, and decreasing pain. Descriptively, the reduction in neovascularization was larger following HSRT than ECC (-23.2
Drop jump performance (DJ) is essential for many ball sports. Core stability (CS) contributes to trunk control and lower-limb capacity during jump movements. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between multiple CS aspects and DJ performance. Eighteen male university basketball players were recruited from a university. Kinematic and kinetic data of DJ were collected using infrared cameras and force plates. Five tests—sit-ups (SU), trunk extensor endurance (EE), trunk flexion-extension range of motion (TFE), dominant extremity single-leg stance time (DLS), and dominant extremity single-leg hop distance (DLH)—were used to assess core strength, endurance, flexibility, motor control, and functionality, respectively. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression assessed the relationship between CS and DJ performance. DJ height (HDJ, r = 0.739, p < 0.001) and joint moment contribution rate (CR) of ankle (CRankle, r = -0.599, p = 0.009) were significantly correlated with DLH. Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF, r = 0.532, p = 0.023), peak joint moment of knee (r = 0.494, p = 0.037), and CR of hip (CRhip, r = -0.554, p = 0.017) and knee (CRknee, r = 0.514, p = 0.029) were significantly correlated with SU. Peak joint moment of knee (PMknee, r = 0.611, p = 0.007) and ankle (PMankle, r = 0.570, p = 0.014) were significantly correlated with DLS, and PMankle was also significantly correlated with TFE (r = -0.470, p = 0.049). Regression models were further explored to explain the HDJ (DLH, R² = 0.546, p < 0.001), vGRF (SU, R² = 0.283, p = 0.023), CRankle (DLH and TFE, R² = 0. 537, p = 0.001 and p = 0.029), CRhip (SU, R² = 0.307, p = 0.017), CRknee (SU, R² = 0.264, p = 0.029), PMknee (DLS, R² = 0.373, p = 0.007), and PMankle (DLS, R² = 0.325, p = 0.014) by the CS measurements. Different CS-related characteristics were associated with distinct aspects of DJ performance and lower-extremity biomechanics. Functional capacity was most strongly associated with DJ height, whereas strength- and postural control-related measures were associated with specific biomechanical characteristics. These exploratory findings require confirmation in larger and interventional studies.
E-sports has rapidly evolved into a competitive discipline within digital platforms. Technological advances have led to a global increase in both players and audience. This study aimed to compare licensed and amateur League of Legends players in terms of gaming duration, manual dexterity, reaction performance, and finger and hand grip strength, and to examine the associations of these variables with competitive ranking. The study included licensed League of Legends (LoL) male players (licensed e-sports players, n = 30) and non-licensed male players (amateur players, n = 30). Participants’ physical activity levels were evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Hand grip strength was measured with a Jamar hand dynamometer, pinch strength with a pinch meter, hand reaction speed with the Nelson Hand Reaction Test, and manual dexterity with the Moberg Pick-Up Test. Licensed e-sports players demonstrated longer daily playing time, greater hand grip strength, and higher manual dexterity compared to amateur players (p = 0.010; p = 0.028; p = 0.009, respectively). No significant differences were observed between players regarding world ranking, hand reaction speed, pinch strength, or physical activity level (p > 0.05). In the licensed e-sports players, hand reaction speed was correlated with both world ranking and manual dexterity (p = 0.032/r = 0.332; p = 0.045/r = 0.341, respectively). Among all participants, world ranking was significantly positively correlated with manual dexterity and hand reaction speed (p = 0.000/r = 0.583; p < 0.000/r = 0.546, respectively). The findings highlight the importance of sensorimotor skills for e-sports players. There is a need for randomized controlled trials to examine the effects of sensorimotor skill training on e-sports players.
Impaired balance control is considered as a key determinant of chronic ankle instability (CAI). Fatigue can exacerbate sensorimotor deficits in athletes with CAI. However, the effects of fatigue on static and dynamic balance control in athletes with CAI remain unclear. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the existing evidence regarding the effects of fatigue on static and dynamic balance control in athletes with CAI. This review included experimental, quasi-experimental, and observational studies. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched from their inception to November 2025. Methodological quality was independently assessed by two reviewers using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Keywords such as “fatigue,” “chronic ankle instability,” and “balance control,” along with their related terms, were used in the search strategy. Findings were synthesized qualitatively. Nine studies with high methodological quality (mean score: 4.11/5) were included in this review. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in three studies, the modified SEBT in one study, the Y-Balance Test in three studies, and the unilateral landing tasks on a force platform in two studies. Static balance was assessed using the Romberg test in one study and the single-leg standing tasks on a force platform in two studies. This review consistently demonstrated the deleterious effects of different fatigue protocols on static and dynamic balance control in athletes with CAI, except for one study that the results showed no significant effect of fatigue on dynamic balance control. Moreover, two studies reported significantly poorer SEBT performance following fatigue in athletes with CAI compared to healthy controls. The findings suggest that fatigue can adversely affect both static and dynamic balance control in athletes with CAI. However, the extent to which CAI increases susceptibility to fatigue-related balance impairments remains unclear. Future research employing sport-specific fatigue protocols and sensitive balance measures while accounting for relevant participant characteristics may help clarify the effects of fatigue on balance performance in athletes with CAI and inform more targeted rehabilitation and injury-prevention strategies.
Boxing exposes athletes to repeated head movements and impact-related forces that may affect vestibular function. This study compared vestibular and oculomotor findings between active professional boxers and clinic-recruited non-athletes. This prospective comparative study included 52 active professional boxers and 52 age- and sex-comparable clinic-recruited non-athletes. All participants underwent neurotologic examination, bedside vestibular testing, Dix–Hallpike testing, vertigo symptom assessment, and video head impulse testing. Composite vestibular dysfunction was defined as at least one abnormal finding in the vestibular assessment battery. Current vertigo symptoms were less frequent in boxers than in clinic-recruited non-athletes (3.8
