Surge is a common secondary disaster caused by reservoir landslides. The study of its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics is important since it affects not only the normal operation of reservoirs but also the safety of people residing along the river. This paper presents a large-scale three-dimensional physical modeling experiment using a near-dam high-position landslide project as a prototype. It investigated the relationships between the river course characteristics, the landslide volume, the head wave velocity of the landslide surge, the waveform of surges, and the head wave crest of the wave along the course in depth. The results indicate that the head wave velocity of the landslide surge is basically unchanged during the propagation process, and it is minimally affected by the landslide volume. The waveform distribution characteristics and head wave crests change considerably in the diversion area and the curved areas but remain mostly unchanged in the topographic similarity area. In addition, there is a negative correlation between the head wave crest and the cross-sectional area of the river course. Furthermore, under conditions of a large landslide volume, the influence of the cross-sectional area of the river channel on the wave height of landslide surges becomes more significant. Finally, the maximum wave height along the course may not necessarily occur in the head wave crest; it could occur in the second wave or even the subsequent ones.
坝体应力应变监测是坝体蓄水期重要的监测项目,但其埋设的过程中经常存在监测数据缺失等问题,因此开展基于坝体实测数据,建立拱坝-地基有限元模型,对数据进行数据插补,并利用QH3D进行可视化研究.同时利用三维有限元模型计算了西南某特高拱坝的坝体应力应变分布.结果表明:利用坝基压应力计与转换后的应变计结果进行对比验证,在坝踵、坝轴、坝趾二者应力在蓄水前应力相差 0.02、0.78、0.09 MPa,在蓄水后二者相差 0.14、0.26、0.07 MPa,在坝踵和坝趾处拟合较好;随着上游水位逐渐抬升,拱坝坝踵处应力逐渐减小,坝趾处应力逐渐增大,在上游面水压作用下,应力基本在 2MPa以内,安全裕度较大.
混凝土的层间结合情况影响结构整体的剪切性能,因此,需要重点研究混凝土层面的抵抗剪切变形的能力.在采用颗粒流离散元软件模拟整浇混凝土直剪试验的基础上,通过生成随机椭球表示层间缺陷,并将细观缺陷作为弱夹杂考虑到离散元接触模型中,模拟层面直接剪切试验的非线性行为.试验结果表明:正压力越大,试件竖直方向的剪胀越小,而层面破坏时接触的拉裂纹数比例有所增高;非整体浇筑引入的层间缺陷削弱了层面的抗剪强度;层面剪切强度的黏聚力比摩擦系数受层面缺陷的影响更加敏感.本文的研究结果为混凝土层面剪切性能的离散元数值模拟和破坏过程研究提供了参考.
在物料运输量大、强度高且空间资源有限的土木水利工程中,道路交叉口作为承接工程物料运输的基础与核心要素,对物料的运输效率及安全影响重大.为模拟复杂道路交叉口的通行状态,提升交叉口的运输安全与效率,本文构建了一种通用且直观的道路交叉口仿真模型,并通过工程实例进行了模型验证.首先,在分析交叉口通行状况的基础上,构建交叉口通行时间计算模型;其次,模拟真实施工现场,在有无信号灯的情况下分别构建了基于 EZStrobe 的交叉口仿真模型,仿真计算并输出道路交叉口物料运输效率与成本;最后,以水利工程双向四路交叉口为例,通过改变车流量及信号灯的设置,对不同交通运输方案进行仿真计算并将结果进行对比分析.结果表明,模型仿真结果符合道路交叉口的存在降低了运输效率的现象以及提高了运输成本的客观问题,验证了模型的可行性;此外设置合理的交通信号灯时长以及车流量有利于提高交叉口通行效率,表明本文建立的仿真模型可以有效评价运输效率并估算运输费用,为道路交通运输系统中的交叉口组织选择提供了一定参考.
崩岗是发生在中国南方花岗岩区最严重的土壤侵蚀类型之一,尽管其所占水土流失面积不大,但具有侵蚀量大、爆发性强、发展速度快等特点,因此开展科学的崩岗空间预测性评价尤为重要.以赣南兴国县花岗岩风化区为案例,分别从地形、气象、土壤和植被等方面选取 10 个环境因子,利用地理探测器评估因子对崩岗发育的贡献率,并采用随机森林模型用于开展易发性评价.结果表明:兴国县崩岗易发性评价指标贡献依次为年均降雨侵蚀力、平均降雨量、植被覆盖度、坡度、砂含量、黏土含量、平面曲率、坡向、地形湿度指数、剖面曲率.随机森林模型取得良好预测性能,AUC值为 0.8644,极高易发区到极低易发区的SCAI(0.45<0.83<1.39<2.19<8.23)值不断增大.所开发的地理探测器-随机森林崩岗易发性评价模型具有良好的稳健性,可移植于崩岗区并提供技术参考.
