We extend the Einstein equivalence principle via a supplementary local energy equivalence postulate and propose the gravitational time potential energy (GTP) framework: a time-dimensional scalar potential accumulating continuously with the proper duration of gravitational action. This framework may provide a potential classical interpretation for alpha decay and quantum tunneling, preliminarily reproduce the observed energy scales of dark matter and dark energy, and support a testable observational scheme, thus offering a promising new avenue for bridging gravitational theory and quantum mechanics.
FAST pulsar surveys generate candidate volumes that make manual review a practical bottleneck, so fixed-threshold classification is often mismatched to deployment under limited review budgets. We formulate candidate screening as a constrained operating-point selection problem: given model scores, the decision threshold is chosen to maximise recall while satisfying explicit review-oriented constraints. Each candidate is represented by four diagnostic regions of interest together with a compact one-dimensional feature vector derived from curve statistics, and several representative scoring models are evaluated within a unified 2D + 1D framework. Thresholds are selected on a calibration split under either a minimum precision constraint or a maximum false-positive-rate constraint. Evaluation includes both conventional point metrics and budget-aware measures, namely, Top-K, Top-x% and workload-recall curves. Experiments on labelled FAST data show that moderate constrained operating points can provide more practical deployment trade-offs than a fixed threshold in the evaluated review-limited setting, particularly by balancing false-alarm control against pulsar recovery. Budget-aware evaluation also reveals practical differences among scoring variants that are less visible in fixed-threshold summaries. These results support treating threshold selection as an explicit deployment component rather than a static postprocessing step in FAST candidate-screening pipelines.
The physical nature of dark matter and dark energy remains one of the most pressing questions in modern cosmology. This work presents a phenomenological model where the entire dark sector is described by two minimally coupled scalar fields within general relativity. The first, an ultra-light scalar field Ψ with mass mΨ, constitutes Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM), whose coherent oscillations dynamically replicate cold dark matter on large scales. The second, a quintessence field ϕ, evolves under an axion-like potential and serves as the dark energy component. We demonstrate that this framework can successfully reproduce the canonical cosmic history while offering a physical mechanism to address the S8 tension. By exploring the model’s parameter space, we show that the suppression of small-scale structure is a direct function of the FDM mass. For a benchmark mass of mΨ = 10−22 eV, chosen to illustrate the potential impact, we show that the model can produce a value of S8≡σ8Ωm/0.3 0.5 of approximately 0.79, illustrating a possible mechanism for reducing the tension between early and late-universe probes. Concurrently, the model predicts a “thawing” behavior for dark energy, with a present-day equation of state, wϕ,0, that depends on the potential’s parameters, yielding wϕ,0 ≈ −0.92 in our benchmark case. We acknowledge that the FDM mass required to affect the S8 tension creates a testable conflict with some Lyman-α forest constraints, a point we discuss as a key feature for the model’s falsifiability. By connecting cosmic acceleration, dark matter, and the S8 tension, this self-consistent framework offers a compelling and highly testable alternative to the ΛCDM model, motivating a full statistical analysis.
Observational results on the rotation curve of a rotating galaxy are used in thought experiments. A binary system is inserted in the galaxy, and equations for radial accelerations of the two bodies are found. Similarly, a single body is inserted in a multicomponent galaxy, and an equation for radial acceleration of the body is discussed. The equations cannot be interpreted as a simultaneous action of the baryonic matter and the dark matter. The consequences of the thought experiments are confirmed by the newest observational results. Applications for various gravitational systems are presented.
Low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations are increasingly deployed to provide integrated services such as communication, navigation augmentation, and remote sensing. However, traditional constellation designs-such as Walker, streets-of-coverage (SoC), and Flower constellations-rely on distinct parameter sets, making unified optimization of hybrid configurations challenging. Existing unified approaches like the continuous coefficient (C2) method suffer from high-dimensional parameter spaces, leading to suboptimal solutions and convergence issues. To address this, we propose an improved continuous coefficient (i - C2) method that reduces the number of real-valued parameters while maintaining the ability to represent both symmetric and asymmetric constellation types. Using evolutionary algorithms, we apply the i - C2 method to design several LEO constellations, including single- and dual-coverage SoC configurations, a navigation-augmentation hybrid constellation, and an integrated positioning, navigation, timing, remote sensing, and communication (PNTRC) system. Results demonstrate that the i - C2 method successfully reproduces the Iridium NEXT constellation and identifies "inclination family" structures. Compared to combined orthogonal circular and Walker constellations, the i - C2 method improves the uniformity of the average number of visible satellites by 20% and 77.92% for 100- and 150-satellite configurations, respectively. This study highlights the i - C2 method's capability to enable efficient, flexible, and high-performance LEO constellation design within a unified optimization framework, offering significant potential for more integrated and cost-effective satellite systems.
