ABSTRACT Organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) couple electronic redox, ion transport, solvation, structural reorganization, and mechanics, enabling diverse electrochemical functions but making their internal states poorly represented by scalar descriptors such as voltage, charge, conductivity, or nominal doping level. This Review establishes a state‐centered framework that treats electrochemical operation as the writing, observation, reconstruction, and design of multidimensional, history‐dependent state trajectories. A problem‐specific minimal sufficient state basis is introduced to distinguish essential from redundant coordinates, while waveform history and spatial heterogeneity define when lumped descriptions remain valid. Optical, electrical, ion‐specific, gravimetric, structural, mechanical, and temporal readouts are analyzed as selective projections whose complementarity determines state observability and hidden‐state reconstruction. Within this framework, congruence, kinetic ordering, decoupling, observational degeneracy, and mapping drift become experimentally testable relationships rather than isolated phenomena. Electrochromics, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), electrochemical memories, actuators, reconfigurable systems, and energy‐storage and conversion devices are then recast as technologies that select different trajectories through a shared electrochemical‐state landscape. The framework ultimately connects molecular structure, electrolyte, morphology, device architecture, and driving protocol to the inverse design of observable, controllable, reversible, and durable electrochemical trajectories.
ABSTRACT Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) films intended for flexible optical applications are required not only to exhibit excellent luminescence performance, but also to simultaneously possess high stretchability, superhydrophobicity, patterned luminescence, and multicolor programmability under complex conditions such as large deformation, liquid intrusion, and long‐term service. Here we propose a dual‐phase synergistic engineering strategy, and in combination with replica molding and femtosecond laser direct writing technologies, achieve the construction of a biomimetic superhydrophobic surface and the controllable precipitation of PQDs while endowing the film with superelasticity. Benefiting from the dual‐phase structure and biomimetic surface design, the film still retains more than 52% of its initial luminescence intensity and a water contact angle above 150° under 800% tensile deformation. This strategy is applicable to full‐spectrum luminescent systems spanning 470–688 nm and supports proof‐of‐concept binary optical encoding. After continuous immersion in water for 240 days, the film still retains more than 90% of its initial luminescence intensity and more than 95% machine‐learning recognition accuracy. This work provides a new strategy for the design of multifunctional flexible PQDs films with stable luminescence under deformation and water exposure.
ABSTRACT The performance of most organic rechargeable batteries is strongly hindered by insufficient active site exposure arising from strong molecular stacking. To address this issue, an amorphization strategy is implemented to disrupt strong intermolecular π–π stacking in the small molecule 2,3,7,8‐tetraamino‐5,10‐dihydrophenazine‐1,4,6,9‐tetraone (TDT), thereby improving electrolyte accessibility and activating buried redox sites. Amorphous TDT exhibits a high specific surface area of 738 m 2 g −1 , delivers 242.8 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , and retains 87.1% of its initial capacity after 817 cycles over 2900 h. In situ ATR‐FTIR and EQCM‐D measurements reveal that NH 4 + is preferentially adsorbed and stored through coordination and deprotonation, while interfacial NH 4 + accumulation induces localized hydrolysis to generate H 3 O + for subsequent proton storage. The TDT||CuFe‐PBA full cell retains 100% of its initial capacity over 100 000 cycles at 5 A g −1 . Moreover, the first Ah‐level AAIB pouch cell delivers 1.037 Ah at an average voltage of 1.14 V, demonstrating the practical promise of amorphous organic small molecule for durable, high capacity AAIBs.
ABSTRACT Tin displays rich redox chemistry transitioning between metallic tin (Sn 0 ), stannous (Sn 2+ ), and stannic (Sn 4+ ) states, among which the Sn 4+ /Sn 2+ couple offers the highest theoretical potential ( >0.14 V vs. SHE) whereas remaining unrealized in practical batteries. Herein, we introduce the in situ and successive growth of CsSnI 3 single perovskite and Cs 2 SnI 6 double perovskite layers on the cathode surface during operation, enabling the first demonstration of the Sn 4+ /Sn 2+ redox reaction in zinc‐ion batteries, with an increased potential to 0.39 V versus SHE due to enhanced tin‐halide coordination. Further integrated into Zn||SnCl 4 full batteries, the design delivers dual discharge plateaus at 1.18 V (Sn 4+ /Sn 2+ ) and 1.28 V (I 0 /I − ), yielding a high areal capacity of 0.80 mAh cm −2 at 1 mA cm −2 and high energy density of 0.99 mWh cm −2 (660 Wh kg −1 , per SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O mass of the cathode). The three‐electron transfer design exhibits considerable longevity, with Swagelok cells retaining 7000 cycles at 16 mA cm −2 and pouch cells sustaining 200 cycles at 4 mA cm −2 without capacity loss. By enabling the high‐potential Sn 4+ /Sn 2+ redox reaction, the perovskite interlayer provides a cross‐disciplinary strategy to advancing high‐energy aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.
ABSTRACT Thermal radiation carries energy and information, making simultaneous control of its spectral profile and spatial propagation crucial for infrared camouflage, signaling, and communication. However, most thermal materials prioritize spectral manipulation, leaving the propagation direction of broadband thermal signals underexplored and tightly coupled to the spectral response. Here, a spatial and spectral decoupled meta‐window (SSDW) is demonstrated for independent control of the spectral profile and spatial distribution of broadband thermal radiation across 8–13 µm. By assigning directional reflection splitting and spectral tailoring to distinct geometric degrees of freedom, the SSDW exhibits visible haze, mid‐infrared semitransparency, and broadband suppression of specular reflection, including at 10.6 µm. It maintains a stable apparent thermal signature both without external heat interference and under variations in external‐source temperature, source incidence angle, and camera viewing angle. This enables visible–laser–infrared compatible camouflage, while preserving an outward channel for emergency signaling. As a proof‐of‐concept, the SSDW encodes the incidence direction of a 10.6 µm laser into spatial reflection patterns for assistive infrared communication, enabling reliable decoding over moderate angular variations. This work establishes spatial and spectral decoupling as a framework for thermal radiation engineering, extending control beyond radiative intensity toward coordinated heat and information pathways.
