Organoids are spatiotemporal developmental systems in which tissue architecture and function emerge through dynamically coordinated interactions among cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), biochemical signals, and mechanical cues. Because these regulatory inputs vary across both space and developmental time, organoid morphogenesis requires engineering strategies that precisely control their localization, magnitude, and temporal sequence. In this review, we examine nanoengineered bioinks and bioprinting strategies as complementary approaches for coordinating the spatial organization and temporal regulation of organoid development. We discuss how bioprinting establishes cell positioning, matrix architecture, biochemical gradients, and vascular-like structures within three-dimensional (3D) organoid models. We then examine how nanoengineered bioinks control factor release, matrix remodeling, mechanical evolution, and reciprocal cell-matrix interactions over time. Applications in brain, tumor, cardiac, skeletal muscle, and intestinal organoids illustrate how these design principles support tissue-specific patterning, multicellular interactions, and functional maturation. Finally, we highlight future directions for advancing organoid bioprinting toward predictive and developmentally responsive platforms, including adaptive bioinks, longitudinal monitoring, and data-guided optimization.
Sensitive monitoring of Aβ aggregation and its inhibition is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying Aβ aggregation-related disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, and for evaluating the efficacy of potential inhibitors of Aβ aggregation. Here, we develop a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip that integrates a three-dimensional nanoporous Au/Ag alloy substrate with a static incubation chamber. By using the I754/I741 ratio of thioflavin T (ThT) as an empirical indicator of aggregation-associated changes in the spectral environment of ThT, our SERS chip enables sensitive monitoring of these changes and their attenuation under inhibitory conditions. We show that the ThT Raman intensity ratio (I754/I741) increases with Aβ concentration and incubation time over 24 h, consistent with time-dependent morphological changes observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We find that the H2O2 and Cu2+-containing conditions produce more rapid changes in the ThT Raman intensity ratio, whereas GSH attenuates both the rate and magnitude of this response. These spectral changes are consistent with the corresponding morphological differences observed by SEM. On the other hand, glutathione results in both slower and smaller change in the Raman intensity ratio, which is also consistent with the SEM measurement that no Aβ aggregation is observed. This sensitive spectroscopic approach enables rapid tracking of short- and long-term aggregation-associated changes in the ThT spectral response and facilitates the evaluation of their modulation under oxidative, metal-ion, and inhibitory conditions.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are applicable in many fields; however, the high cost and toxicity of solvents make scale-up difficult. This study developed a novel, environmentally friendly, one-step synthesis of a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIFL) and the in situ decoration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) at room temperature for pesticide residue detection. The DES acts as both a solvent and a stabilizing agent, facilitating the formation of the leaf-like ZIFL structure while ensuring the uniform dispersion of AgNPs on its surface. By exposing numerous coordination-unsaturated metal sites, the 2D ZIFL structure synergizes with AgNPs to achieve high catalytic efficiency, driven by the nanoparticles’ elevated surface charge density. Simultaneously, the strong affinity for thiol groups enables the ZIFL/Ag material to selectively bind Thiram, thereby increasing assay reliability in complex environments. Thiram absorbed at the surface of ZIFL/Ag blocks catalytic sites, causing the color of TMB to change from blue (oxidized state) to colorless. Using the proposed approach for Thiram detection, the LOD was achieved at 40 nM in DI water, with a linear range of 0–1 µM, and the corresponding correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9773. Moreover, to demonstrate high on-site detection in low-resource settings, ZIFL/Ag-coated cotton swabs were introduced and used to detect Thiram in 5 min with the naked eye, combined with RGB analysis, thereby eliminating the need for spectroscopy. The study established results that demonstrate the potential to apply and integrate image processing to create simple, user-friendly, on-site devices with high accuracy for monitoring water quantity.
Microalgae are promising feedstocks for high-value compounds and biomass production, but harvesting remains a major challenge due to the high capital and energy costs, contamination risk, and low efficiency of conventional methods. In this study, we developed a novel spiral inertial microfluidic device with varying cross-sections to enable efficient concentration of microalgae across a broad size range. The device was designed to combine variable cross-sections with an expanded channel area to improve particle focusing and separation. Its performance was first evaluated using particles spanning a wide size range (3–20 μm) and then demonstrated using two representative microalgae species with distinct morphologies: Haematococcus pluvialis (spherical, 20 μm) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (non-spherical, 3 μm in width). The device achieved excellent focusing performance for model particles, while recovery efficiencies for microalgae reached > 95
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, are gaining attention as next-generation therapeutic platforms. They serve as biologically derived nanocarriers capable of delivering functional molecules such as microRNA (miRNA). Exosomes possess high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, protecting unstable nucleic acid therapeutics and enabling their efficient delivery to target cells. Consequently, technologies for manufacturing and engineering miRNA-loaded exosomes/EVs to deliver therapeutically relevant miRNAs are rapidly advancing. To ensure the therapeutic efficacy and reproducibility of miRNA-loaded exosomes, systematic analysis and characterization, including size, morphology, concentration, surface markers, miRNA loading efficiency, and stability, are essential. These analytical techniques are recognized as key elements enabling quality control and standardization of exosome-based therapeutics. Advancements in these manufacturing and analytical techniques have accelerated therapeutic applications for inflammatory diseases, with atopic dermatitis (AD) being a prime target. AD is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by skin barrier impairment and Th2-dominant immune dysregulation, where existing treatments face limitations in restoring long-term immune homeostasis. Recent studies indicate that miR-124, miR-146a, miR-143, miR-147a, miR-159a, and miR-223 contribute to improving AD pathophysiology by regulating inflammatory cytokine signaling and immune modulation pathways. Collectively, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of miRNA-loaded EV platforms for the multi-target regulation of inflammatory skin diseases. This review focuses on the manufacturing and analytical techniques for miRNA-loaded exosomes/EVs, discussing the latest research trends in their potential therapeutic application for AD and challenges for future clinical translation.
