In order to ensure traffic efficiency and network security, an accurate intrusion detection system (IDS) is pivotal in the software-defined networking (SDN)-enabled vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) environment. However, the traditional methodologies failed to identify the presence of stealthy beacons (SBs) in the VANET environment, thus degrading the system’s reliability. Hence, an enhanced SDN-powered vehicle IDS with SB identification based on blockchain (BC)-enabled deep federated transfer collapsing linear unit R-drop alpha regularized-recurrent neural network is proposed in this article. Initially, the vehicles register in the data plane, followed by application programming interface (API) key generation and digital signature creation (DSC). Afterward, the sensed data are transferred while mitigating the collision. The digital signature verification (DSV) is done in the south-bound APIs. Once the verification is successful, the data are fed into the control plane via the switch. The control messages are protected in the control plane. In addition, the DSV is done in the north-bound APIs. By utilizing the fuzzy bimodal triangular membership inference system (FBTMIS), the presence of an SB is identified in the application plane. If the SB is present, then the transmitted data are terminated; otherwise, the trained local IDS model is utilized for categorizing the data into benign or malignant. Furthermore, to track the attacker’s behavior, the trapdoors are utilized. Thereafter, the detected events are stored in the BC and further broadcast to the vehicles. Similarly, through the router and firewall, the outcomes are updated in the global model (GM) on the server. Therefore, the proposed approach had high reliability with an accuracy of 99.9742%.
Payment channel networks are one of the most promising off-chain solutions to the blockchain scalability problem. However, with the development of quantum computers, most of the payment channel network solutions that resist wormhole attacks are not able to resist adversaries that can access quantum computers. To solve this problem, we use NTRU and AES to design a post-quantum onion router based on the onion routing protocol to ensure the unlinkability and security of onion packets in the delivery process and realize the identity privacy of the payment path nodes. Secondly, we propose the LWE-based time-locked contract (LTLC), which defines the unidirectional problem in the commitment phase as a learning with error problem, and reduces the contraction to the lattice-hard problem to avoid the relaying cost from being stolen by malicious nodes with access to the quantum computer using wormhole attacks, but incurs high-performance overhead. To improve the performance, we further propose a Ring-LWE-based time-locked contract (RLTLC). The communication and computation costs of RLTLC are approximately 3.36% and 10.2% of those of LTLC, respectively. The security analysis and performance evaluation show that the scheme in this paper achieves relational anonymity, atomicity, and resistance to wormhole attacks for post-quantum payment channel networks, and the performance overhead of RLTLC remains acceptable even under quantum computing threats.
With the rapid development of quantum computing technology, blockchain systems based on traditional digital signature algorithms (such as elliptic curve digital signatures) face potential security risks. To construct post-quantum-secure blockchains, this paper primarily integrates the lattice-based post-quantum digital signature algorithm Dilithium-Prime into a UTXO model blockchain system. Given that the Dilithium-Prime algorithm faces challenges such as large storage overhead and lack of key derivation capabilities while ensuring post-quantum security, this paper proposes targeted solutions: innovatively designing UTXO_PUBKEY transaction data structures, separating public key storage from transaction execution logic, and introducing Pubkey-type UTXOs to reuse public key resources; simultaneously optimizing private key storage strategies by using dynamic seeds as temporary private keys to reduce long-term storage pressure on user nodes. This paper provides optimization ideas and directions for the efficient application of lattice-based signature schemes in UTXO-type blockchains, which has important theoretical and practical value for promoting the development of post-quantum blockchain systems.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are widely used nowadays for managing digital assets in many applications due to their ability to uniquely identify an asset and securely transfer and trace its ownership. Some scenarios require digital assets to be mutable, i.e., users should be allowed to update asset attributes over time, thus introducing possible security issues, since unwanted (or even malicious) updates could significantly decrease assets’ value. While various methods for NFT mutability exist, they often lack integrated, fine-grained, and on-chain enforceable authorisation models. This paper addresses this issue by considering an NFT expansion, named Non-Fungible Mutable Token (NMT), which natively supports the update of the attributes characterising each digital asset while guaranteeing a strict and fine-grained control over such updates. In fact, the NMT approach embeds an on-chain security support based on the Attribute-Based Access Control model within the NMT architecture, aimed at regulating, through access control policies enforcement, the execution of all the update operations defined on digital assets, from new token minting to ownership transfers and attribute updates.We propose a detailed architecture for NMTs and we outline the involved smart contracts structure, including the on-chain access control system. We validate our proposal by implementing it for two common use cases, wearables and digital event tickets in the metaverse, and by conducting an experimental evaluation of the deployment and execution costs. Moreover, we simulated the usage of NMTs over a given time interval to estimate the sustainability of the proposed approach over time.
