Autoimmune disorder, affecting more than twenty million in United States and billions of people worldwide, occurs when human immune system mistakenly attacks its own body. Autoreactive B cells, particularly the autoantibodies they produce, play a critical role in the etiology, progress, prognosis, and pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases. While targeting B cells medicines, such as anti-CD19 or anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have produced promise in both pre-clinic models and some clinic practices, many patients failed to respond, ended less satisfactory outcome, or relapsed to monoclonal antibody therapies. Novel therapies are desperately needed to fight this challenge. In this study, based upon a symmetrical format, namely fusion of IgG and scFv technology (FIST), an anti-CD19xCD3 T cell engager (TCE) YK012, developed to treat B-cell malignancies such as precursor pre-B acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), was expanded to explore the treatment of autoimmune diseases by bringing T cells to CD19 positive B cells, including autoreactive B cell populations. Even as bivalent binding to CD3, YK012 has so significantly reduced binding affinity to TCR compared to other TCEs that, free YK012 alone does activate T cells at all. In contrast, in the presence of CD19-expressing Raji target cells and mediated by YK012, T cells can be activated in a dose-dependent manner, measured by upregulation of NFAT-reporter, CD25, IFN-γ and granzyme B expression. Crosslinking of B cell with T cell by YK012, the conjugation elicited T cell-mediated potent but mild cytotoxicity only to CD19-positive Raji cells. Additionally, YK012 elicited much reduced cytokines release in vitro compared to that of Blincyto® biosimilar, implying a potentially me-better therapeutics replacement in clinics for B-cell related diseases. In two in vivo pharmacological studies, YK012 alleviated the pathology symptoms of a collagen-induced arthritis model and almost completely depleted the peripheral B cell in human stem cell-transplanted murine model. In summary, this study demonstrated that YK012, a FIST platform designed TCE, has the potential to treat B cell-mediated diseases including autoimmune indications with possible better efficacy and less side effects in clinical practices. ### Competing Interest Statement Andy Qingan Yuan and Qingwu Meng are the co-founders of Excyte LLC and Excyte Biopharma Ltd. Likun Zhao, Lili Bai, Yang Wang and Xuning Dai are current employees of Excyte Biopharma Ltd. Ray Qirui Yuan and Isabella Yang were interns of Excyte LLC.
Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are long-term illnesses that are not caused by an acute infection, progress slowly, and cannot be passed from person to person. These diseases affect people of all ages and are a public health concern because they are a source of morbidity in the context of the global population's ageing process and due to an unhealthy lifestyle. They are the world's largest cause of mortality and disability. These disorders have long-term health implications and frequently necessitate long-term therapy and care. Other essential problems, such as accidents and mental health disorders, are also classified as noncommunicable diseases.
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men and the fifth greatest cause of cancer related mortality globally. More than 80% of PCa cases are currently diagnosed as localised disease, but up to a third of these patients will later recur and develop. Because androgens and Androgen Receptor (AR) signalling are so critical in normal prostate development and PCa progression, Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) is the most common treatment for advanced PCa. Despite an initial response to ADT, individuals frequently develop resistant and advance to an aggressive disease state known as Castration-Resistant Pca (CRPC) between 12 to 30 months. Despite the fact that treatment with next generation androgen signalling inhibitors has improved the outcome, these patients still lack curative medicines, necessitating the urgent development of novel therapeutic techniques.
Clay minerals are alumino-silicate minerals that are very common in nature and produce low-cost products. Clay minerals chemical and biogeochemical features are of interest to scientists. Several nanostructured clay hybrid materials derived from ion exchange and covalent bonding have been developed for environmental applications such as the removal of inorganic contaminants, herbicides, and insecticides from solution. Clay minerals and their derivatives have a wide range of biological characteristics. They play an important role in microbial inhibition, which is influenced by a variety of parameters including pH, the presence of metals and metal ions, and a variety of processes. Clay materials have seen an increase in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications in recent years, owing to researchers' interest in developing low-cost alternative materials for problem solving in medicine and pharmaceutical science. Clay minerals and their derivative materials are widely used as dietary supplements, medicinal formulations and delivery methods, dermatology, pelotherapy, and fangotherapy in various sectors. Clay minerals are also used orally to help calm the intestines and eliminate pollutants.
Manuscript Number: ipbbb-21-7486 Article Type: Editorial note Received Date: February 18th, 2021 Accepted Date: March 2nd, 2021 Published Date: March 9th, 2021 Editorial Note: British Biomedical Bulletin Jone Stany Arulradurai * Texas A&M University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, P.O. Box 30014, Texas, USA *Corresponding author: Texas A&M University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, P.O. Box 30014, Texas, USA, E-mail: jstaarul7@gmail.com 1. Editorial British Biomedical Bulletin is the biomedical and medical technology journal that focuses on the research prospectus of the medical field. I am pleased to mention that during the year 2020, all issues of volume 8 were published online well within the time. The impact factor of BBB for the year 2020 was 0.45. All published articles of this journal are included in the indexing and abstracting coverage of Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, Genamics Journal Seek, Academic Keys, ResearchBible, The Global Impact Factor (GIF), International Society of Universal Research in Sciences, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), CiteFactor, Open Academic Journals Index (OAJI), Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI), Scientific Journal Impact Factor, Jour Informatics, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), CiteSeerx, Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, and Secret Search Engine Labs. During the calendar year 2020, British Biomedical Bulletin received a total of 23 papers, out of which 14 articles were rejected in the preliminary screening due to plagiarism or being out of the format and peer review process. During 2020 around 21 articles were subjected for publication after they are accepted in the peer review process. In the 3 issues of Volume 9 published during the year 2020,14 articles were published of which, articles were published from authors all around the world. A total of 70 research scientists from all over the world reviewed the articles published in volume 8. Average publication lag time of an article was further reduced to 2-3 weeks. During the calendar year 2020, a total of 15 Editors, 5 Reviewers joined the board of BBB and contributed their invaluable services towards contribution as well as the publication of articles. I take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Stephen Robert Kovac during the final editing of articles published and the support rendered by the editorial assistant, Isabella in bringing out issues of BBB in time. I would also like to express my gratitude to all the authors, reviewers, the publisher, the advisory and the editorial board of BBB, the office bearers for their support in bringing out yet another volume of BBB and look forward to their unrelenting support to bring out the Volume 9 of BBB in scheduled time. Once again, we would like to use this open door to thank you for the exertion and aptitude that you add to exploring, without which it is difficult to maintain the high standards of peer-reviewed journals.
