Biomolecules can form condensates through liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS)to perform biological functions.It is well established that intrinsically disordered proteins play essential roles in driving LLPS,and their conformations tend to adopt more extended states within the dense phase.However,for proteins with folded structures,how the folding of individual chains and phase separation mutually influence each other remains unclear.Here,using the nucleocapsid protein 7(NCp7)of human immunodeficiency virus 1(HIV-1)and its cognate RNA as a model system,we investigated the coupling between protein folding and phase separation through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations.We found that the folding of NCp7 into its native structure,which contains two zinc finger(ZF)motifs,increases the multivalency of protein-RNA interactions and promotes their co-condensation.In turn,phase separation further stabilizes the native structure of the protein by facilitating non-native interactions within the condensates,where biomolecule concentration and molecular crowding are high.Additionally,RNA exhibits a highly dynamic structure,which enables it to simultaneously engage in protein interactions and adopt interchain double-stranded helical conformations,thereby mediating a balance between protein-RNA attraction and RNA-RNA repulsion.The results of this work suggest that tuning the folding and stability of individual biomolecules(e.g.,through metal-ion binding)offers an effective route to modulate biomolecular condensation,highlighting a promising strategy for drug design targeting the macroscopic phase behavior of biomolecules.
The radiative mechanism of coherent radio emission has remained an enigma since the discovery of pulsars,even with the emergence of fast radio bursts(FRBs),which exhibit similarities to the single-pulse behavior of pulsars and have opened a new window for deciphering this long-standing mystery.Besides tremendous efforts in modeling,advanced facilities are essential for solving the problem.The authors review the observational break-throughs made with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope(FAST),which are providing pivotal insights into the underlying physics of pulsars and FRBs.This study offers a novel perspective in the era when pulsars meet FRBs,and further investigations are encouraged to utilize the high sensitivity of FAST.
We explain the motivation for proposing the concept and framework of integrable deep learning(IDL),and focuse on a series of advances we have made in IDL algorithms.1.Two-stage PINN methods based on conservation laws,and PINN methods based on the Miura transformation;2.Lax pair-informed neural networks(LPNNs)and DT-LPNN combined with the Darboux transformation;3.Novel convolutional neural network architectures for integrable systems,including pseudo grid-based physics-informed convolutional-recur-rent network(PG-PhyCRNet)and polynomial extractor for rogue wave patterns(PE-RWP).
Magnonic systems based on two-dimensional van der Waals(vdW)magnets offer a versatile platform for hybridizing magnons with photons,phonons,and electrons,promising advancements in information processing.A key challenge,however,is the detection and manipulation of magnons due to their ultra-weak signals in atomically thin samples.To overcome this,we integrate a van der Waals antiferromagnet,CrCl3,with a high-quality-factor active cavity operating at cryogenic temperatures.Utilizing the cavity's gain and self-sustained oscillation,we uncover multiple magnon modes previously inaccessible in conventional measurements.Specifically,we observe two low-damping magnon modes near the acoustic mode of CrCl3,with damping rates three orders of magnitude lower.This exceptionally low damping enables strong cavity photon-magnon coupling,yielding two distinct bistable regions upon magnetic field sweep.Additionally,we also observe a ferromagnetic magnon mode located significantly below the Kittel frequency,twice the antiferro-magnetic-ferromagnetic transition field.Our work establishes a gain-assisted strong-coupling approach as a powerful tool for probing magnon dynamics in two-dimensional vdW magnets,opening new avenues for engineering magnonic states for future information technologies.
The BESⅢ experiment is currently the world's only electron-positron collider operating in the tau-charm physical energy region.Since starting data taking in 2009,BESⅢ has accumulated the world's largest data set in the center-of-mass energy range of 1.84-4.95 GeV,including approximately 10 billion J/ψevents and 3 billion ψ(3686)events,together with extensive data on open-charm hadron pair production near threshold regions.These unique datasets,characterized by high statistics and low background,provide unprecedented experimental conditions for studying light baryon spectroscopy.This article systematically reviews the progress made by BESⅢ in baryon spectroscopy,with a focus on recent breakthrough achievements,including the discovery of excited nucleon states,Λ hyperon states,Σ hyperon states,Ξ hyperon states,and Ω-hyperon states.These results expand the spectrum of baryon excited states and provide crucial experimental support for understanding non-perturbative QCD and resolving the"missing baryon resonances"problem.
