Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are functional anionic clays that belong to the family of two-dimensional (2D) materials. LDHs consist of positively charged brucite host layers separated by guest-exchangeable interlayer anions, which overall offer unique chemistry like flexible metal composition, ion-exchange capability, and structural reconstruction through memory effect property. These features provide exceptional opportunities for modulating the surface chemistry of LDHs through bottom-up synthetic strategies. By controlling chemical environment conditions and employing appropriate modulating agents, it is feasible to engineer morphology, introduce local structural imperfections such as oxygen and metal vacancies (Schottky defects), generate unsaturated coordination sites, and incorporate heteroatoms to enhance functionality. This review aims to examine recent advances in the chemical modulation and morphological control of LDHs. We summarize the principal bottom-up synthetic approaches and discuss how chemical doping, host–guest interactions, and defect engineering can be employed to tailor the structure and properties of LDHs. In particular, we emphasize the relationship between chemical modulation, morphology, and functional performance in environmental and energy-related applications. Specifically, we highlight recent progress in pollutant adsorption, degradation of organic contaminants, and hydrogen production, providing insights into the design of next-generation LDH-based materials for sustainable environmental and energy technologies.
Drug resistance and undruggable targets persist as major therapeutic hurdles. Marine natural products (MNPs), which have evolved under extreme conditions, offer structurally diverse scaffolds that engage targets via unconventional mechanisms. This review systematically groups MNPs by their precise molecular targets and modes of action, moving beyond cytotoxicity tabulation. We cover agents that disrupt gene expression-spliceosome inhibitors (FR901464, thailanstatin A), translation initiation blockers (pateamine A, hippuristanol), and elongation arrest compounds (plitidepsin, psymberin), as well as those inducing genomic damage through topoisomerase poisoning or DNA alkylation. Beyond oncology, we critically assess MNPs modulating proteostasis (marizomib, carmaphycins), targeting undruggable protein–protein interfaces (siladenoserinol A, marinopyrrole A), reshaping epigenetics (largazole, psammaplin A), and triggering non-apoptotic death pathways (ferroptosis, cuproptosis, pyroptosis). We discuss structure–function correlations and translational bottlenecks for representative clinical-stage candidates, and discuss how cryo-EM, AI-driven prediction, and synthetic biology are converting these exotic scaffolds into viable leads. By linking mechanistic depth with translational roadmaps, this review aims to inspire both academic and industrial researchers to harness marine molecular diversity for next-generation precision medicines.
As a photocatalyst, silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) features high quantum yield and strong photocatalytic ability, demonstrating great potential in water splitting and the treatment of water pollutants. However, its own photo-corrosion and low solubility in water limit its application. To address these issues, the combination of Ag3PO4 with other semiconductor materials to form composite photocatalysts can enhance its catalytic activity and structural stability, facilitating the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. In this work, Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/C composite photocatalytic materials were successfully prepared using biochar (C), g-C3N4, AgNO3, and Na2HPO4·12H2O as raw materials through a co-precipitation method. The Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/C (mass ratio 4:1:0.1) composite photocatalyst exhibited excellent degradation performance for MB and RhB and maintained good stability. During the degradation of MB and RhB, the main active species were h+ (holes), •O2− and •OH. The MB removal efficiency reached 97% in 40 mL of 10 mg/L MB aqueous solution within 60 min of visible light irradiation, and the removal efficiency of RhB reached 96% in 40 mL of 10 mg/L RhB aqueous solution within 80 min of visible light irradiation. After three cycles of reuse, the removal efficiencies of MB and RhB photocatalyzed by Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/C (4:1:0.1) still reached 79% and 74%, respectively. The Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/C composite photocatalyst can be applied to the degradation of organic pigment in the environment dye wastewater, contributing to environmental remediation and the green development of the ecological environment.
A robust and selective reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of lactoperoxidase (LPO) and lactoferrin (LF) in commercial LPO raw materials. A key innovation of this method is the exploitation of the characteristic Soret band absorption of the LPO heme group. Separation was performed on an Excsep C4 column (3 μm, 4.6 × 150 mm) at 60 °C, employing a gradient elution of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water and 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. A novel dual-wavelength detection strategy was established: LPO was selectively monitored at 403 nm via its heme Soret band, while LF was quantified at 280 nm via aromatic amino acid absorption. The A280/A403 ratio serves as an intrinsic indicator of heme saturation and chromatographic peak purity, providing a basis for distinguishing heme-containing LPO from total LPO protein. This approach ensures high specificity, circumventing the interference common to single-wavelength or activity-based assays. Both analytes exhibited excellent linearity from 0.05 to 10 mg/mL (R2 > 0.999). Limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.49 g/100 g for LPO and 0.48 g/100 g for LF. Spike recoveries ranged from 93.0% to 102.4% with RSDs ≤ 2.4%. Application to eleven commercial LPO raw material samples revealed significant batch-to-batch compositional heterogeneity, consistently demonstrating that LF constitutes a major co-purified impurity. This method provides a critical analytical tool for the rigorous quality control and authentication of dairy-derived bioactive ingredients.
This study presents an efficient synthetic strategy for heterocycles using silica-supported sodium carbonate as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst under both conventional and Q-Tube high-pressure conditions. The distinct product outcomes observed under conventional reflux and Q-Tube-assisted conditions indicate that the reaction environment influences product selectivity. Because temperature and autogenous pressure vary together in the Q-Tube system, we cannot distinguish their individual contributions in these experiments. Accordingly, the divergent formation of thiazole and 1,3-oxathiole derivatives is attributed to the combined reaction conditions rather than to pressure alone. Green chemistry metrics, including atom economy, reaction mass efficiency, process mass intensity, E-factor, and EcoScale, were evaluated for representative reactions to assess the material efficiency and waste profile of each protocol. This work provides a quantitative and balanced assessment of the SSC/Q-Tube approach for selective heterocycle synthesis.
