While callousness is typically measured in relation to psychopathic personality traits and disorders, it can also be viewed as more common forms of the two processes of disengagement from taking compassionate action and degree of compassion sensitivity. These processes have been suggested to explain how vast numbers of people become complicit in harmful behaviours like Holocausts. We therefore developed a self-report scale to assess callousness as disengagement from taking action in the face of potential harmful behaviour, and to assess sensitivity to others’ distress. Study 1 (n = 197) applied an exploratory factor analysis while study 2 (n = 208) used confirmatory factor analysis to verify the proposed factor structures. A correlational analysis was conducted using the combined sample (N = 405) which revealed our Callousness as Disengagement from Compassionate Action Scale was significantly linked to dominance and anti-egalitarianism, fears of compassion, striving to avoid inferiority and ruthless self-advancement. It was weakly correlated with uncaring and unemotional traits and sadism. Given the increasing social, economic and political pressures of modern life, future research on these forms of callousness and how to address them is required.
This study examined whether the Big Five Personality Inventory–15p (BFI-15p) elicits socially desirable responding (SD), a potential source of response distortion. Participants were 296 scholarship-holding undergraduates (18–25 years) from a private Mexican university who completed the BFI-15p and the Socially Desirable Response Set–5 (SDRS-5) online. Winsorized Spearman correlations estimated monotonic associations between SD and BFI-15p dimension scores and item responses, and partial rank correlations examined BFI-15p inter-dimension correlations controlling for SD. All BFI-15p dimensions were significantly associated with SD, but magnitudes varied across traits. Agreeableness showed the strongest association (rho: 0.40), followed by Neuroticism (rho: −0.29). Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion showed small correlations (rho ≈ 0.15–0.18). At the item level, SD-related responding was not uniform within dimensions with small SD correlations; instead, only specific items (e.g. trustworthiness, perseverance, aesthetic appreciation) showed detectable associations, suggesting greater susceptibility for evaluative content. Controlling for SD reduced correlations among Big Five dimensions, although standardized differences were trivial (q < 0.06), indicating limited SD-related inflation in trait interrelations. Overall, findings provide initial discriminant validity evidence for the BFI-15p and suggest that SD may differentially affect trait scores, particularly Agreeableness, although this pattern may be especially salient in scholarship recipients responding under evaluative conditions.
Despite growing attention to artificial intelligence (AI) in organizational research, evidence on AI-related job insecurity and related technology-specific occupational threat perceptions remains fragmented. This systematic review synthesized associations with well-being impairment, maladaptive behavioral responses, and adaptive behavioral responses across 16 eligible studies, of which 11 contributed quantitative evidence. A tiered evidence strategy distinguished directly reported bivariate correlations used for primary synthesis from PLS-derived construct correlations and other model-dependent evidence retained for extended exploratory analyses. Five independent primary estimates showed a positive average association with well-being impairment, r = 0.317, 95% CI [0.084, 0.518], I2 = 97.35%. Six independent bivariate correlations showed a positive average association with maladaptive behavioral responses, r = 0.215, 95% CI [0.101, 0.324], I2 = 82.43%. Only two independent primary estimates were available for adaptive responses, precluding a primary pooled estimate; an extended exploratory synthesis remained small and statistically uncertain, r = 0.044, 95% CI [−0.020, 0.107]. AI-related occupational threat perceptions were more consistently associated with well-being impairment and maladaptive responses than with adaptation in the available literature. Substantial heterogeneity indicates considerable variation across settings and limit interpretation of these average associations as uniform effects.
The climate crisis evokes diverse emotional responses; however, whether associations between ecological coping strategies and depressive symptoms vary across emotional profiles remains unclear. This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify climate emotion profiles among 306 Ukrainian adults and examined their moderating role in the coping–depression association. A five-profile solution was retained: Low Engagement, Moderate Engagement, High Engagement, Moderate Engagement–Elevated Distress, and High Engagement–Elevated Distress. Climate-related emotional engagement was heterogeneous, reflecting either active engagement or substantial emotional burden. The Low Engagement profile was characterized not by emotional absence but by low affective intensity accompanied by elevated contempt. Depression was associated with climate-related distress rather than emotional engagement alone. Problem-focused coping was most prevalent in the Elevated Distress profiles, whereas the Low Engagement profile showed the highest de-emphasizing coping and higher guilt-denial coping than all other profiles. Problem-focused coping was associated with lower depression in the Low Engagement profile but higher depression in the Moderate Engagement–Elevated Distress profile; de-emphasizing coping was positively associated with depressive symptoms only within this distressed group, whereas guilt-denial showed no association with depression across profiles. These findings underscore the value of person-centered approaches to understanding how coping–depression associations vary across emotional contexts.
The current study focused on sociodemographic factors (i.e., parents’ education, objective household income, subjective household income, school type) in relation to Executive Functions (EF). Given the associations of preschooler EF on developmental outcomes from childhood through adulthood, Socio economic Status (SES: both parents’ education and objective household income) relations to EF warrant investigation. The sample included 215 Turkish mothers (26–47 years old) and their 3- to 5-year-old preschoolers (47.4% boys; 52.6% girls). Mothers completed a demographics form, and children were tested on the three cool components of EF (cognitive flexibility, conflict inhibition, working memory). Results indicated that SES predicted preschoolers’ cognitive flexibility and conflict inhibition. In contrast, subjective income and school type were not related to any of the EF components. The main conclusion is that broadening measures of SES will help isolate relations that are relevant for preschool EF development.
