Although prior research has identified factors associated with bystander willingness to intervene in intimate partner violence (IPV), whether responses differ across heterosexual and same-sex relationships remains underexplored. Using a vignette design with 182 college students, this study examined whether perpetrator gender and relationship sexual orientation influenced awareness of violence, post-situation informal intervention, and willingness to report the incident to police. A significant perpetrator gender × relationship sexual orientation interaction emerged for police reporting. The interaction showed a crossover pattern: descriptively, reporting willingness was greater for male than female perpetrators in heterosexual vignettes, whereas the pattern reversed in same-sex vignettes. However, neither within-context perpetrator-gender comparison reached statistical significance in follow-up simple-effects analyses, indicating that the interaction should be interpreted cautiously.
This study contributes to the criminological literature by being the first to assess Saudi males’ and females’ discrepant perceptions of the police via the prisms of trust, procedural justice, and satisfaction. The salience of this study further lies in researchers’ and practitioners’ ability to understand how men and women view the police in non-Western contexts. We employed both t -tests and ordinary least-squares regression to analyze data from 235 Saudi citizens to assess their perceptions of the police. We found that, compared to men, women had higher levels of trust in the Saudi police. For procedural justice, there was no significant difference between the perceptions of men and women. Saudi women were also more satisfied with the police than were Saudi men. Participants willing to provide information on suspects and to solve crimes had higher levels of trust in the police than those who did not. Finally, older participants had less favorable views of police procedural justice and were also less satisfied with the police. Saudi men and women significantly differ in their attitudes toward the police, which points to the need to enact public policy to address the specific needs of both men and women.
Reliable estimates of human trafficking remain elusive because most victimization is never identified by formal systems. To address this challenge, researchers have increasingly turned to behaviorally specific measures that assess experiences of exploitation directly. Using a statewide survey of adults in Florida, this study examined convergence across the Quick Youth Indicators for Trafficking (QYIT), the Rapid Appraisal for Trafficking (RAFT), and independent indicators of sex and labor trafficking. Findings revealed strong associations across human trafficking measures and limited reporting to law enforcement among respondents endorsing multiple human trafficking indicators. The results provide evidence of convergence across independently developed trafficking measures and contribute to ongoing efforts to evaluate behaviorally specific indicators in population-based studies of hidden victimization.
Fraud victimization among older adults is often repetitive and multifaceted, yet limited research has examined the roles of loneliness and fraud polyvictimization in shaping vulnerability. Using data from the Mass Marketing Elder Fraud Intervention (MMEFI) study ( N = 268), this study examined patterns of fraud victimization among adults previously exposed to mass-marketing fraud solicitations. Analyses assessed fraud prevalence and co-occurrence, demographic and psychosocial correlates of victimization, and whether loneliness mediated the relationship between living alone and fraud outcomes. Results indicated substantial fraud polyvictimization, with commerce-oriented frauds clustering separately from relationship-based frauds. Older age was associated with commerce fraud victimization, while loneliness was associated with all fraud outcomes examined. Respondents reporting multiple commerce fraud experiences were more likely to report relationship-based fraud victimization. Mediation analyses showed that loneliness accounted for a significant portion of the association between living alone and several fraud outcomes. These findings contribute to understanding the roles of social and psychosocial factors in older adults’ fraud victimization experiences and provide evidence that different forms of fraud may occur in interconnected patterns.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of the day reporting order (DRO), a type of community-based sentence (CBS) in Singapore. First-time offenders sentenced to DRO or multiple CBS including DRO ( n = 403) were matched to a control group of similar offenders sentenced to a short imprisonment term ( n = 1,651), and their 2-year recidivism was compared. We found no significant difference in recidivism between first-time offenders sentenced to DRO or imprisonment. Factors influencing recidivism in DRO participants, such as their demographics, employment status, offence type and compliance with DRO conditions, were also examined. Results indicate no evidence that DRO performs worse than short-term imprisonment on recidivism outcomes, with key implications for criminal policy, sentencing practice and guidelines, and correctional practice.
