Introduction: Chronic liver injury results from persistent hepatic injuries such as metabolic disorders, alcohol consumption, viral infections, drug toxicity, autoimmune conditions, and genetic factors. It is a major global health concern due to its progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review aims to summarize key pathophysiological mechanisms and evaluate current and emerging pharmacological strategies. Methods: A narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies was conducted, focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, fibrogenesis, and therapeutic approaches, including conventional drugs, antifibrotics, metabolic modulators, and advanced drug delivery systems. A total of 352 records were identified, of which 158 studies were included in the review. Results: Chronic liver injury is characterized by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, hepatocyte death, impaired regeneration, and activation of hepatic stellate cells, leading to extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis. Current therapies are largely etiology-based and slow disease progression but rarely reverse fibrosis. Emerging therapies targeting nuclear receptors, metabolic pathways, gene-based interventions, microbiome modulation, and nanocarrier-based systems show promising potential. Discussion: These findings indicate that chronic liver injury is a complex, multifactorial process involving interconnected molecular pathways, limiting the effectiveness of single-target therapies. The gap between mechanistic insights and clinical translation remains a key challenge. Multi-targeted, combination, and precision-based therapeutic approaches, along with targeted drug delivery systems, may enhance treatment efficacy and overcome current limitations. Conclusion: Despite advances in understanding disease mechanisms, effective diseasemodifying therapies remain limited. The development of combination and personalized treatment strategies is essential for improving outcomes and preventing disease progression.
Abstract: Vision impairment is a significant global health issue, affecting people of all ages and notably influencing quality of life. One of the major challenges in treating eye diseases is the effective delivery of drugs, as the eye possesses unique anatomical and physiological barriers. Structures such as tear drainage, the tightly packed corneal epithelium, and the blood‑ocular barriers often hinder medications from reaching therapeutic concentrations. Conventional treatments such as eye drops, ointments, and oral medications frequently exhibit poor bioavailability and limited penetration into target sites, particularly in posterior segment diseases. This often leads to minimal therapeutic relief or requires frequent dosing, which can compromise patient comfort and adherence. Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies have shown promise in enhancing therapeutic efficacy, prolonging drug retention, and improving patient compliance. This review highlights the critical barriers in ocular drug delivery and emphasizes the urgent need for innovative strategies to address them. It comprehensively discusses emerging technologies, including nanotechnology, nanocomposite contact lenses, intraocular implants, microneedles, and gene therapy, focusing on their ability to improve drug delivery and retention in ocular tissues. Moreover, challenges associated with these innovative systems, including safety concerns, regulatory hurdles, and manufacturing constraints, are explored. Subsequently, proposed future directions include smart delivery systems, precision medicine, and efforts to ensure equitable access worldwide. Overall, this review provides an integrated perspective on the current advances and future hope of ocular drug delivery technologies for patients with chronic or vision‑threatening eye diseases.
Abstract: This article provides an overview of the ethnobotanical importance, phytochemistry, and evidence of the pharmacological use of Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.). Ali. in ethnomedicine. This review provides information regarding the historical uses of this plant, as well as scientific evidence supporting its traditional uses. Historically, the ethnomedicinal use of P. scariosus has included several applications such as management of cirrhosis, fluid retention (dropsy), digestive problems, snake and dog bites, fevers, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, nephritis, rheumatism, and bronchitis. To date, research has been limited mostly to the initial phase of exploring phytochemistry and preclinical pharmacology. Experimental results from trials have shown that extracts from the plant exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antidepressantlike, and anxiolytic-like properties. Several bioactive compounds have been identified through phytochemical testing of P. scariosus, such as rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-Orutinoside, and prenylated flavonoids, including scariosin and isorhynchospermin. The seeds have also been found to contain proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and saponins, as well as amino acids such as tyrosine, L-Dopa, and hydrogen cyanide. Based on preliminary findings, the available bioactive constituents in P. scariosus warrant further study as a potential source of bioactive plant products; however, the majority of the evidence is from in vitro and animal studies. Future work is needed to standardize phytochemicals, explore their mechanisms of action, evaluate toxicity, and conduct clinical validation for therapeutic use.
The pharmaceutical research field is experiencing a fundamental change because scientists now face more difficult biological data challenges, while patients increasingly need customized medications, and scientists require better methods to discover new drugs. Pharmaceutical research progress is hampered by traditional computational methods, which fail to analyze extensive datasets, thus reducing both research speed and accuracy. The brain-inspired architecture of neuromorphic computing enables organizations to implement real-time adaptive systems that make decisions and process data more effectively. The research paper examines how neuromorphic computing functions within the pharmaceutical sector by demonstrating its usage in drug development processes, personalized medicine treatments, clinical trial research, and biosecurity measures. The brain-inspired computing models used by neuromorphic systems include spiking neural networks (SNNs) and memristor-based hardware, which help researchers improve molecular simulations and drug interaction predictions while creating personalized treatment plans. The systems enable real-time analysis and adaptive learning, which boosts drug screening efficiency and speeds up clinical trials while developing intelligent drug delivery systems. The main obstacles that obstruct neuromorphic computing development include two main issues that scientists must solve. These issues involve two main challenges: researchers need to improve computational efficiency, while AI pharmaceutical decisions require assessment of scalability and ethical implications. The implementation of neuromorphic models into current pharmaceutical systems needs scientists from three fields: AI research, neuroscience research, and regulatory authority work. Neuromorphic computing has the potential to transform pharmaceutical research by solving current computational problems while creating more precise and affordable therapies that focus on patient needs. The pharmaceutical sector waits for a major shift in drug development and healthcare transformation because scientists are developing neuromorphic hardware and hybrid AI systems.
Introduction: Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic phytochemical, is found in rice bran, sweet corn, tomatoes, and other fruits and vegetables. It is produced by the breakdown of essential aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine in plants through the Shikimic acid pathway. FA has a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects against a number of illnesses, including diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. This phenolic molecule is believed to have a wide range of positive health effects on humans, at least in part due to its potent antioxidant properties. Methods: After conducting scholarly searches for peer-reviewed descriptive studies on FA, all available information regarding the phytochemical and its medicinal properties was taken into consideration. Results: FA is a potent antioxidant for cellular membranes. It is a powerful free radical scavenger and is authorized for use as a food additive in several nations to prevent lipid peroxidation. FA inhibits lipid peroxidation and efficiently scavenges the superoxide anion radical. Discussion: FA, a common phytoconstituent present in our daily diet, has been employed extensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics sectors. It has numerous pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: With increasing applications in nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and medicine, ferulic acid demonstrates a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. Although its bioavailability and stability have been improved by advancements in formulation and delivery technologies, further clinical validation and standardized protocols are necessary to fully realize its translational potential.
