Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) has moved from recurrent poultry epizootics to a geographically extensive, multi-host panzootic involving wild birds, domestic animals, marine and terrestrial mammals, and exposed people. This expert review examines the epidemiologic transitions that produced the present wildlife-livestock-human interface and identifies surveillance priorities supported by original epidemiologic, genomic, experimental, and environmental studies. Recent primary studies show that clade 2.3.4.4b viruses are repeatedly introduced and redistributed by wild birds, can reach remote ecosystems, and have generated consequential mammalian outbreaks. The dairy-cattle emergence was especially important because genomic and pathology data demonstrated mammary-gland tropism, efficient cattle-to-cattle spread, interstate dissemination through animal movement, and secondary exposure of farm workers. Environmental sampling of water and sediment can complement bird sampling, while paired serology can complement investigation of confirmed occupational infections. Surveillance should shift from separate poultry, wildlife, livestock, and human programs toward risk-based One Health networks that link field observations, laboratory testing, genomic data, animal movements, environmental matrices, and occupational health. Priority outcomes are earlier detection, faster cross-sector investigation, and rapid recognition of viral changes associated with altered host range or transmission.
Cancer recurrence remains a major challenge in oncology and contributes substantially to morbidity, mortality, and psychological distress among survivors. Increasing evidence suggests that chronic psychosocial stress may influence tumor progression and relapse through neuroendocrine, immune, and inflammatory pathways. This review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the biological mechanisms linking psychosocial stress to cancer relapse, evaluate clinical and epidemiological findings across cancer types, and examine the potential role of stress-reduction strategies in survivorship care. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that stress-induced immune dysregulation, reduced natural killer cell activity, and alterations within the tumor microenvironment may contribute to reactivation of dormant malignant cells and increased susceptibility to recurrence. Observational studies have reported associations between anxiety, depression, social isolation, adverse life events, and poorer oncological outcomes, although findings remain heterogeneous. Psychosocial interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and supportive care programs, have demonstrated benefits in reducing distress, fear of recurrence, and improving quality of life. Current evidence supports a biologically plausible association between chronic psychosocial stress and pathways involved in cancer relapse. Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are needed to clarify causality and determine whether targeted stress-management interventions can improve long-term oncological outcomes and survivorship care.
With the rapid growth and diversity of HIV-related data sources, there is increasing consensus that data integration is a valuable tool that can help advance knowledge in HIV prevention and treatment. We conducted a scoping review to analyze the data integration methods used to combine HIV-related data from heterogeneous, multi-level sources and to summarize the emerging themes and concepts. Through a structured search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for articles published between 1994 and 2025, we identified 47 articles that employed one or more of four main data integration methods: record linkage, multiple-frame methods, imputation-based methods, and modeling. Five main themes emerged from the research goals of the included studies: etiology and prognosis; database development and operationalization; HIV-related risk factors; population size estimation; and HIV or HIV-related factor prevalence estimation. Multiple-frame methods were the most prevalent data integration technique (51
Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are often transmitted among microbes via mobile genetic elements (MGEs), but few antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programs incorporate MGEs. This review presents our current understanding of the role of MGEs in AMR dynamics with examples and recommendations for their inclusion in AMR surveillance. MGEs have been incorporated successfully in retrospective AMR outbreak investigation, but are not yet considered in prospective surveillance programs. We recommend the development of standardized approaches for inclusion of MGEs in AMR surveillance systems.
Mobile cancer screening services in the US aim to expand access to underserved and frequently underscreened populations. As screening approaches evolve in complexity (e.g., risk stratification, supplemental modalities), there is a need for updated reviews to understand how mobile screening programs are implemented, identify gaps in incorporating new screening complexities, and identify research and implementation priorities to best optimize the impact of mobile cancer screening on underscreened populations. This scoping review synthesizes information from 36 articles published from 2010 to 2025 on the development, implementation, and evaluation of mobile breast and lung cancer screening services in the U.S. The review further summarizes reported barriers and facilitators to mobile screening services, reported performance outcomes, and how community engagement strategies are incorporated in mobile cancer screening planning, delivery, and evaluation. Most articles describe using community outreach or consultation, with few reaching community collaboration or shared leadership. We identify research directions to inform effective mobile cancer screening programs, including comparative studies to identify optimal development or implementation strategies and greater community collaboration.
