This review seeks to elucidate the synergistic processes via which air pollution and climate change jointly affect the incidence and the extent of diseases related to agriculture. The review looks at the combined effect of stresses on host-pathogen interactions to offer a comprehensive knowledge of contemporary agricultural concerns. A thorough examination of existing literature was performed, incorporating physiological, molecular, and ecological data. The review assesses how atmospheric pollutants like tropospheric ozone and particulate matter interact with meteorological factors like fluctuating temperature and precipitation, with an emphasis on how these factors collectively affect crop vulnerability. The synthesis shows that the combination of pollutants and abiotic stresses dramatically changes the pathogenicity of pathogens and promotes the formation of novel disease complexes. Significant results show that host plant resistance is commonly hampered by antagonistic signaling crosstalk; particularly, early signaling hubs involving reactive oxygen species and phytohormones emphasize abiotic stress responses, hence inhibiting immunological pathways. This physiological trade-off makes crops more susceptible to diseases, which can lead to significant losses in worldwide productivity. To ensure global food security, disease management must move to climate-informed systems that account for many concurrent stressors. Future research should prioritize interdisciplinary techniques to identify specific genes conveying different stress tolerances and develop effective forecasting models that combine both weather and pollution data.
This research paper presents the structural design and comprehensive cost analysis of a proposed waste management plant in Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu, India. The plant is designed to efficiently manage solid waste generated in the region, emphasizing sustainability, health, and environmental safety. The project is divided into seven phases, beginning with pre-construction activities and culminating in the operational handover. The design encompasses civil works, machinery, and equipment necessary for waste processing, including segregation, composting, and leachate treatment. A cost analysis based on reference projects highlights estimated expenses related to land acquisition, civil works, machinery procurement, and operational costs, with a total projected cost of Rs. 3.6 crores, factoring in contingencies for unforeseen delays and expenses. The approximate area required for a solid waste management plant can vary depending on the waste processing capacity and specific design. For a plant processing about 500 to 1,000 metric tonnes per day, the area typically ranges from 5 to 10 acres, which includes space for sorting facilities, composting, landfill, leachate treatment, and other necessary infrastructure. This study provides a region-specific integrated waste management model for medium-scale districts in Tamil Nadu, bridging the gap between conceptual policy guidelines and implementable engineering design. The findings offer a scalable framework that can be replicated in similar semi-urban districts across India. For the proposed plant processing 150 metric tonnes per day in Sivagangai District, the estimated area could be in the range of 8 to 12 acres, considering efficient land use and infrastructure integration.
Soil physical structure and particle size distribution are fundamental factors governing its physico-chemical behaviour.These characteristics strongly influence water retention, nutrient availability, and overall soil fertility.This study investigates the effects of organic manure application on soil structure through soil samples analysis employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) along with Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). SEM imaging provided high-resolution morphological insights, revealing structural differences between untreated and amended soils. Notably, organic manure application resulted in more cohesive aggregates with enhanced porosity, indicating improved soil aeration and water retention capacity.DLS analysisindicated that the mean soil particle size in the control plot was 892.9 nm. Particle size increased substantially with organic amendmentsreaching 1092 nm in the GM+SM+VC (12.5 t ha-1) treatment.This finding points toward the formation of larger aggregates, likely due to improved organic matter content and microbial activity. The results demonstrated that organic amendments contributed to a more heterogeneous soil structure with increased particle connectivity and surface roughness. These changes are associated with enhanced nutrient-holding capacity and soil stability, which are crucial for sustainable agricultural practices. Overall, the study highlights the significant role of organic amendments in altering soil morphology and particle size distribution, leading to improved soil quality. By enhancing soil structure and fertility, organic manure application promotes better crop growth and sustainable land management. These findings emphasize the importance of adopting organic amendments for long-term agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.
Climate change and ecological degradation are increasingly associated with fear, helplessness, and sorrow, contributing to psychological distress and behavioral change. This narrative review synthesizes empirical research examining eco-anxiety and its associated behavioral responses. A total of 212 records were identified through searches of Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and Science Direct, with 50 articles meeting inclusion criteria following independent screening and data extraction by two reviewers. The methodological quality of included studies was generally limited, and findings were synthesized using conventional content analysis, resulting in two primary themes with three subthemes each. Evidence indicates that eco-anxiety is linked to both adaptive and maladaptive behavioral responses, including pro-environmental engagement, anger, depressive symptoms, and shifts in life decisions such as hesitancy toward family planning. Given the predominance of cross-sectional and self-report designs, conclusions should be interpreted cautiously; nonetheless, the literature suggests that eco-anxiety meaningfully shapes behavioral responses, albeit in heterogeneous ways across individuals.
