Fuel reductions can be confounded by battery depletion or unreported control corrections. This theoretical study examines phase-informed equivalent-consumption minimization (ECMS) with a soft state-of-charge (SOC) safeguard in an ideal power-split virtual tractor. The model includes planetary kinematics, machine limits, battery resistance and engine execution constraints. Numerical conservation checks verify implementation without providing empirical validation. The frozen adaptive configuration reproduces the submitted 5.676% normalized fuel saving. On 20 independent paths, it achieves 5.951% saving relative to matched load following, with all paths meeting a 10−4 terminal-SOC tolerance. Removing the safeguard leaves no terminal-valid paths. Removing adaptation instead gives 7.091% saving with the same safeguard, while increasing mean interventions from 94.8 to 150.5. Adaptation therefore changes the fuel–intervention trade-off rather than improving fuel economy. Same-parameter cycle, capacity and map audits retain positive valid-pair savings but expose terminal failures and an empty-action demand boundary. A historical approximately 20% full-information diagnostic is reported separately under a favorable map, different electrical limits and relaxed terminal band. The contribution is an auditable comparison of fuel, terminal charge and corrections within a declared virtual platform, without recursive-feasibility guarantees or field-economy predictions.
High water cut in mature oil reservoirs reduces sweep efficiency and increases the operating burden associated with lifting, separation, produced-water treatment, transport, and reinjection. This systematic critical review integrates selective conformance control from diagnosis of water-production mechanisms through treatment selection and placement to field response and energy–water performance. PRISMA 2020/PRISMA-S screening of Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and OnePetro identified 346 records, of which 120 studies were included in the qualitative evidence synthesis. Final searches were completed on 5–10 August 2026. We propose the D–M–T–P–R–E evidence-integration framework—Diagnosis, Mechanism, Treatment, Placement/selectivity, Reservoir/production Response, and Energy–water efficiency—supported by evidence levels E1–E5, design-specific methodological appraisal, a legacy reporting-completeness descriptor, and cross-scale external-consistency assessment. The synthesis indicates that robust field performance requires mechanism-specific diagnosis, verified placement, measurable flow redistribution, sustained water reduction, and attributable incremental oil. The proposed framework provides a structured basis for decision support while preventing unsupported transfer of isolated laboratory metrics to field performance. The supplied extraction matrix retains 74 of the 120 studies as a post-inclusion traceability/comparability subset; endpoint-specific numerical comparisons were performed only where physical definitions, operating conditions, and source-level data were sufficiently comparable and verifiable, and no universal pooled meta-analysis was performed.
Industry 5.0 challenges European industries to elevate their systems with the help of technological and digital transformations and at the same time motivates them towards the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Energy system transformations and sustainable transitions are the key concepts for decarbonizing energy sources, believed to greatly contribute to the achievement of climate neutrality. The present study assesses how efficiently the member states of the European Union (EU) convert primary energy into useful energy and how this efficiency affects carbon emissions, using energy data collected by the Directorate-General for Energy of the European Commission. We analyze the relationships between energy conversion efficiency and carbon emissions based on metrics, including system energy conversion efficiency, carbon intensity of energy use and the energy loss ratio, and report an energy conversion efficiency of 64.22%, with an energy loss of 35.78% and a carbon intensity of 2.0894 Mt CO2/Mtoe. Furthermore, by classifying the member states, we rank them by their success rate in relation to efficient energy conversion and emission reduction. Overall, the current trend in the EU shows that by 2024 the member states managed to increase their energy conversion efficiency and decrease the carbon intensity considerably, compared to previous years.
Increasing inverter-based resource (IBR) penetration strengthens the coupling between voltage magnitude and frequency. This study integrates synchronous reference frame complex frequency-locked loop (SRF-CFLL) observation with existing η-control for a single grid-following IBR in a modified WSCC 9-bus system. Joint complex-variable observation replaces the separate PI-tracking front end. An explicit relative-frequency formulation cancels jω0 terms and clarifies the per-unit current-reference interface. Under the original benchmark settings, η-control reduces the local frequency-nadir deviation by approximately 55% and the 70 Ω fault metric μ from 0.03023 to 0.02522 s, an improvement of 16.57%. Simulations reveal trade-offs among transient frequency support, electromechanical damping and settling time under the tested settings. These phasor simulation results provide a reference for integrating complex-frequency observation with grid-following IBR support control and selecting support parameters.
Offshore wave energy offers significant potential for low-carbon electricity generation, but the sustainability and economic viability of wave energy converters (WECs) depend strongly on the design of their power-take-off systems. This paper investigates sustainable direct-drive generator solutions for the Mocean Energy Blue-X offshore hinged-attenuator WEC. Several low-speed, high-torque permanent-magnet generator topologies were evaluated, including surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous machines (SPMSMs) and modular spoke-PMSMs employing different combinations of neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) or ferrite magnets with copper or aluminum conductors. A multi-objective optimization framework was developed to minimize the generator-related cost and cogging torque, subject to electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical, and efficiency constraints. System-level cost of energy (CoE) is evaluated through sensitivity analysis of the generator-related share of total WEC capital cost. Cradle-to-gate embodied carbon associated primarily with material production is also evaluated. Results show that copper-wound designs generally provide more favorable CoE. Among these, the spoke-PMSM employing ferrite magnets shows the strongest tendency towards the lowest CoE, whereas the NdFeB spoke-PMSM achieves the lowest embodied carbon. Within the adopted cradle-to-gate boundary, structural components dominate embodied emissions, contributing approximately 60–70% of the total. The results highlight that material-level advantages do not necessarily translate into machine-level benefits because of their effects on efficiency, machine size, and structural requirements.
