The growing deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RES) brings about a substantial variability in demand and generation, which poses challenges for the reliable and coordinated operation of the distribution network. In this paper, a distributionally robust resilience-aware multi-objective optimization framework is proposed for the coordinated operation of renewable-integrated electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and battery swapping systems (BSSs) in radial distribution networks. The framework co-optimizes EV charging, battery swapping, renewable utilization, and resilience-aware operation under the uncertainties of renewable generation and EV demand while respecting the AC power-flow constraints. In the multi-objective formulation, network power loss, voltage deviation, carbon emissions, energy not supplied (ENS), service shortage, operating profit, and charging fairness are taken into account. The resilience is assessed using contingency-based ENS and uncertain operating conditions are handled using distributionally robust optimization (DRO). The proposed framework is tested on the IEEE 69-bus distribution system under different operating scenarios. The results demonstrate a network power loss of 2.56 MWh, minimum bus voltages are in the range of 0.944-0.965 p.u., about 24% carbon emission reduction and 0.97 MWh ENS in the considered contingency. Fairness index of Jain is more than 0.90 which is fair charging-resource allocation. The hypervolume (HV) and inverted generational distance (IGD) of the Pareto solution set obtained by the adaptive self-tuning cheetah optimization algorithm (AST-COA) are 0.842 and 0.021, respectively. The robustness of optimization results is verified by statistical analysis. The proposed framework shows the ability to reliably and co-ordinately operate EVCS-BSS under uncertain and contingency situations.
Pioneering urban trials represent the frontier of global climate mitigation. China has strategically deployed three batches of low-carbon pilot cities to accelerate nationwide decarbonization through ambitious targets. Yet it remains unclear whether these pledges have translated into effective implementation. This study combines KPI benchmarking, Tapio-LMDI analysis, and counterfactual simulations to assess 71 pilot cities. Results reveal a systematic gap between overall mitigation trends and city-level policy delivery. While average energy and carbon intensities declined by more than 30% from 2010 to 2021, 37% of cities failed to meet carbon intensity targets, and 51% missed their non-fossil energy goals. This shortfall was proportionally higher in later-batch cities, where fossil energy reliance, including thermal power generation, remained a predominant factor in emission trajectories. Decomposition shows that the expansion of non-fossil energy plays a critical role in alleviating such constraints and is becoming increasingly important for achieving deep decarbonization and decoupling. Counterfactual analysis further indicates that fully closing the implementation gaps could have avoided over 310 Mt CO2 (an 8% reduction compared to actual 2021 emissions), with 85% of this mitigation potential concentrated in third-batch cities and could have enabled universal decoupling. These findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of urban decarbonization depends not only on target ambition but also on strict compliance and structural transition. Bridging the implementation gap is therefore essential to avert structural decarbonization delays in developing economies.
Renewable-dominated power systems increasingly rely on flexible assets owned by households, fleets, energy communities, and firms. Installed capacity alone does not make these resources available to the system because their operating states, primary uses, and owners' willingness to participate change over time. In this review, shared flexibility refers to temporary access to the flexibility services of independently owned assets without transferring asset ownership. Such access may be coordinated through aggregators, energy communities, peer-to-peer platforms, or operator procurement. The asset owner, scheduling entity, service buyer, and settlement party may therefore be different actors. Shared flexibility here denotes temporary and conditional access to services provided by independently owned assets without transferring asset ownership. This review examines stationary and shared storage, electric vehicles, flexible demand, microgrids, and multi-energy resources across four connected dimensions: the capability that owners make available, the allocation of information and scheduling responsibility, the updating and dispatch of contracted flexibility across timescales, and the distribution of value, cost, and non-delivery risk. The literature shows that aggregation improves market access but does not by itself establish resource sharing. A workable arrangement must specify the service being offered, preserve network and resource feasibility, define the owner's participation and override conditions, and link payment to measured delivery. Existing studies address these requirements unevenly, and few follow shared flexibility from resource commitment through dispatch to settlement. The review identifies the need for service-specific capability contracts, coordination models that retain owner autonomy while assigning operational responsibility, and settlement mechanisms that account for delivery performance and the cause of deviations.
This study integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to optimally identify locations for the establishment of solar power plants within Industrial zones across Iran. The principal innovation of this research lies in its evaluation of industrial zones as open land suitable for utility-scale, ground-mounted solar power plant deployment. Unlike most previous studies, which have primarily focused on undeveloped natural land such as barren or agricultural areas or built structures such as rooftops and dam reservoirs, this study emphasizes the strategic value of existing industrial infrastructure in solar power plant siting. For this purpose, eleven key criteria in three domains technical, economic, and environmental were carefully weighted and analyzed using AHP method. After conducting spatial modeling and integrating the layers within the ArcGIS environment, the total solar potential of the country was determined. The results indicated that the provinces of Kerman (5430 TWh/year), Sistan and Baluchestan (4937 TWh/year), Razavi Khorasan (4583 TWh/year), and Fars (4448 TWh/year) possess the highest theoretical capacities for solar energy production. Additionally, the analysis of overlap between industrial zones and high-radiation areas revealed that provinces such as Yazd, Kerman, Isfahan, and Qom demonstrate more than 60% overlap, offering substantial potential for the successful implementation of solar projects. These findings provide a strategic framework for renewable energy policymaking at the national level, as well as valuable insights for private sector decision-making in solar energy investments.
Offshore wind energy projects face disruptions due to their complexity and reliance on the global supply chain (SC), making SC resilience vital for the reliable and sustainable development of offshore wind energy. Blockchain could enhance resilience through transparency, asset tracking and information security. To strengthen the resilience of offshore wind energy SCs, this study aims to apply an integrated decision-support framework for identifying and prioritizing strategic blockchain-enabled pathways. Drawing on a review of the literature on offshore wind energy SCs, resilience and blockchain applications, the criteria are specified. Then SWOT analysis is used to formulate blockchain-based strategies. The Fuzzy Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (F-SWARA) and Fuzzy Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the COmpromise Solution (F-MARCOS) technique were used to rank the suggested strategies. To assess robustness, sensitivity analyses were conducted on criteria weights and expert weights and a comparison was performed using fuzzy decision-making techniques. Economic value and reduction of disruption costs, implementation and maintenance cost and traceability and visibility of equipment and data were the most important sub-criteria. Also, the strategies of developing a blockchain-based intelligent decision-making platform to increase SC resilience in disruption conditions, establishing a blockchain-based risk management and early warning system for SC disruptions and implementing a blockchain-based equipment tracking system were identified as the most significant proposed strategies, respectively. These findings provide context-specific insights that may inform offshore wind developers, policymakers, and SC stakeholders when considering blockchain investments and resilience-enhancing initiatives under resource and infrastructure constraints.
