Solar geoengineering is an object of deep political contestation. Public responses to solar geoengineering technologies cannot be as easily explained by political ideology alone. Hypothesizing that climate denialism mediates ideology's influence on public support for solar geoengineering, we ask: (1) What is the relationship between political conservatism and support for solar geoengineering, and does it differ by country and technology? (2) Is this relationship mediated by climate denialism? We answer these questions using mediation analyses of public attitudes toward three climate intervention technologies across thirteen countries. Our findings show that conservatives are generally less supportive of solar geoengineering, and this opposition is largely rooted in climate denialism with variation across technologies. Once denialism is controlled for, conservatism is associated with greater support for certain technologies in some countries but not others. Therefore, the relationship between conservatism and climate intervention support does not reflect a single, stable ideological association.
Poor implementation of environmental policy is a persistent global challenge. Within the European Union, we witness a trend towards increased 'decentralized enforcement', with the Commission initiating fewer infringement procedures, and relying more on domestic actors to bring litigation to the national courts. NGOs are thus increasingly becoming key actors in the enforcement of EU environmental law; however, we know little about how NGOs act when deciding how to push for enforcement. This paper systematically examines how one NGO - ClientEarth - acts on infringements within EU environmental policy from 2015-2025, mapping patterns in its use of complaints to the Commission and litigation across time. The findings illustrate that ClientEarth experiences an increased threshold for NGO involvement in complaints, as well as a further politicization of the infringement procedure, reducing the consistency of enforcement of EU environmental law.
