Livestock farming environments are major reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), yet scalable genetic indicators that quantitatively capture AMR risk remain limited. The class 1 integrase gene intI 1 is a hallmark of class 1 integrons (CL1s), which couple gene capture with horizontal transfer capacity and have emerged as leading candidates. However, their suitability as a direct proxy for livestock-associated AMR risk has not been rigorously tested at scale. Here we show that the abundance of intI 1 functions as a robust quantitative indicator of livestock-associated AMR risk. Using a custom Class 1 Integrase Database expanded by 63.5% and integrating 4017 livestock metagenomes, 9625 livestock-derived isolate genomes, and approximately 1.2 million human clinical isolate genomes, we demonstrate that intI 1 abundance tracks host- and geography-dependent risk patterns, that livestock CL1s carry compact, conserved resistance-cassette arrays matching clinical spectra, and that nearly all are plasmid-borne, with their efficient dissemination facilitated by Tn402, ISCR, and IS110 family elements. A random-forest model trained on these data predicts global intI 1 abundance and associated risk with high accuracy ( R 2 = 0.93), revealing persistent hotspots across Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America over two decades. These findings establish intI 1 as a practical, single-platform proxy that can be incorporated into One Health surveillance and early-warning systems.
Land consolidation is widely promoted as a valuable structural tool for sustainable intensification. Yet while policy frameworks celebrate its potential for rural revitalization, empirical assessments remain heavily siloed within single dimensions, obscuring critical trade-offs and synergies that govern real-world outcomes. Here we show, through a global synthesis of 148 cases across 28 countries, that land consolidation yields consistent economic gains as well as concerning ecological and social deficits. Sixty-five percent of cases assess outcomes within a single dimension, while fewer cases capture synergies or trade-offs across multiple dimensions. Economic benefits predominate, but negative environmental and social outcomes are also prevalent. Biodiversity is reduced in 81% of the assessed cases, while 57% of the assessed cases document heightened social inequalities, driving acute trade-offs in Life on Land (SDG 15) and Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10). Crucially, project architecture appears to dictate these trajectories: programs restricted solely to agricultural intensification are likely to generate single-dimensional gains, whereas integrating ecological conservation into the design increases cross-dimensional synergies from 17% to 42% and curtails trade-offs. These findings demonstrate that land consolidation is not an inherent vehicle for sustainable intensification. Realizing global sustainability targets demands redesigning land consolidation from yield-maximizing towards integrated landscape stewardship that embeds tenure security and targets ecological outcomes from the outset.
