Probiotic modulation of the nasal microbiome can be achieved through oral administration, which relies on the gut–nose axis and systemic immunomodulation, or direct intranasal instillation, which provides immediate local action. Despite growing evidence, no systematic comparison of these routes has been published. This narrative review synthesizes clinical and mechanistic evidence comparing oral versus intranasal probiotic strategies to inform route selection based on disease pathophysiology and strain-specific efficacy. We evaluated randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and mechanistic studies investigating probiotic interventions delivered via either route for upper respiratory conditions including allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and pediatric respiratory infections. Orally administered probiotics may exert nasal effects through two mechanisms: (i) systemic immunomodulation via gut-derived short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites, supported by clinical data for Weizmannia coagulans BC99 and by a randomized controlled trial in children with perennial allergic rhinitis for Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CCFM111; and (ii) direct oropharyngeal-to-nasopharyngeal trafficking, exemplified by a slow-release chewable Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG formulation that trafficked to the nasopharynx in 41
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for novel antibacterial agents from natural sources. In the present study, the antibacterial potential of Calocybe indica KUFC144 was investigated through metabolite profiling and computational analysis. Tissue culture was established from fruiting bodies and molecularly identified based on ITS and 28 S rRNA gene sequences, confirming its identity as C. indica. The methanolic mycelial extract exhibited antibacterial activity against both Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with inhibition zones of 10.33 ± 0.43 mm and 13.78 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) further demonstrated greater antibacterial efficacy against K. pneumoniae. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified 33 metabolites belonging to diverse chemical classes, including phenylethanoid glycosides, flavonoids, limonoids, thiophene derivatives, lipids and organic acids. Based on identification confidence, relative abundance, structural diversity, and reported antimicrobial or pharmacological activities, six metabolites: forsythiaside, leonoside A, myricoside, salannin, (10)-gingerol and 5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithiophene, were prioritized for molecular docking against the ATPase domain of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase B (PDB ID: 1EI1). Among the tested ligands, forsythiaside exhibited the highest Vina score (predicted binding affinity of − 9.7 kcal/mol), followed by leonoside A (− 9.0 kcal/mol) and myricoside (− 8.7 kcal/mol), with extensive hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions within the active site. STRING analysis further placed GyrB within a functionally interconnected network associated with DNA topology, replication, repair and transcription. ADME profiling revealed distinct pharmacokinetic characteristics among the metabolites, with (10)-gingerol and 5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithiophene showing comparatively favourable predicted gastrointestinal absorption and drug-likeness. In contrast, the highly polar glycosidic metabolites exhibited low predicted gastrointestinal absorption. Normal mode analysis indicated favourable structural stability and flexibility of the protein-ligand complexes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that C. indica KUFC144 is a rich source of antibacterial metabolites and highlight forsythiaside as a promising GyrB-targeting lead based on the Vina score (predicted binding affinity). At the same time, the ADME analysis provides additional information for prioritizing the identified metabolites. The study provides a foundation for future biochemical validation and the development of mushroom-derived antibacterial agents.
Clonal plants enhance their fitness in heterogeneous environments through clonal integration, which enables resource sharing among interconnected ramets. However, how clonal integration shapes rhizosphere microbiome assembly and function remains poorly understood. In this study, we constructed patchy heterogeneous soils with cadmium-polluted and unpolluted substrates to simulate fragmented polluted habitats. Apical ramets were grown in cadmium-polluted soil and basal positions were cultivated in unpolluted soil, with stolons left either intact or severed. Rhizosphere and root-zone soils were sampled, and bacterial and fungal communities were characterized via 16 S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing. Our results demonstrated that stolon integration significantly altered rhizosphere microbial composition, with elevated relative abundances of Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota and Ascomycota and a reduction in Firmicutes. Beneficial genera Streptomyces and Savoryella were enriched under intact stolon treatments. Bacterial α-richness (Chao1) was significantly higher in the rhizosphere of stolon-intact plants, especially at the basal positions, whereas fungal α- richness showed no significant difference among treatments. Beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were more sensitive to stolon integration than fungal communities, with fungal community structural shifts observed only in the basal rhizosphere. Amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis showed that intact stolons increased unique bacterial ASVs but reduced unique fungal ASVs in the basal rhizosphere. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that clonal integration differentially regulates the assembly of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere. This study highlights the distinct ecological roles of bacteria and fungi in plant-soil feedback and emphasizes multi-kingdom assessments of clonal integration under heterogeneous Cd condition.
Fusarium oxysporum is a major pathogen of economically important crops, including strawberries, blackberries, tomatoes, and many others. Conventional fungicides are often ineffective, and their excessive use poses risks to health and the environment. As an alternative, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) synthesized through eco-friendly methods have shown promising antifungal activity. To identify the optimal reducing agent for nanoparticle synthesis, this study evaluated supernatants from Trichoderma harzianum cultured at different temperatures against F. oxysporum. The supernatant obtained at 30 °C exhibited the highest intrinsic inhibitory activity (15.5
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires environmental surveillance because aquatic systems can receive resistant bacteria, antimicrobial residues and mobile resistance genes from domestic, agricultural, hospital and industrial sources. This culture-based study investigated culturable Gram-negative bacteria recovered from 12 inland, saline, wetland and coastal aquatic sites in western Algeria between January and April 2023. Bacterial isolates were identified by conventional biochemical methods and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disk diffusion and selected broth microdilution assays, with colistin interpreted only by minimum inhibitory concentration. Phenotypic screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-like and carbapenemase-associated activity was followed by targeted PCR and Sanger sequencing in selected high-risk isolates. Fifty-four Gram-negative isolates were recovered, including 44 fermenting and 10 non-fermenting isolates. Ten isolates, all fermenting Gram-negative bacteria, fulfilled the multidrug-resistant definition after exclusion of species-related intrinsic resistance. Targeted sequencing confirmed blaOXA-48 in two Escherichia coli isolates and one Cronobacter sakazakii isolate. One Escherichia coli isolate co-harbored blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48. The colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate was negative for mcr-1. These findings provide baseline evidence that selected aquatic environments in western Algeria harbor culturable Gram-negative bacteria carrying clinically important carbapenemase genes. The study should be interpreted as targeted culture-based surveillance rather than a quantitative assessment of the aquatic resistome. These data represent the environmental component of AMR surveillance within a One Health framework and do not establish an epidemiological linkage to human or animal reservoirs.
