This article is the 20th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 100 taxa distributed in three phyla, 12 classes, 31 orders, and 66 families are treated. Taxa described in the present study include 75 new species and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions. The 75 new species are Absidia persistens, Adautomilanezia griffithianae, Agaricus cholistanensis, Aga. qaimpuranus, Agrocybe hydei, Agr. reticulorugosa, Alanphillipsia magnoliae, Annulohypoxylon zhuhai-ensis, Anthracoidea tristis, Byssosphaeria pilifera, Candida gutiae, Circinotrichum acaciae, Clavulina gaoligongensis, Coc-cinonectria yunnanensis, Colletotrichum covidense, Comoclathris neimengguensis, Conchomyces nephelii, Conioscypha reniformis, Conlarium guangdongense, Cora pseudoputumayensis, Cucujomyces cerambycidarum, Diaporthe squamosae, Diplodia sichuanensis, Diplopodomyces kilimandjaricus, D. stemmiuli, Erioscyphella orientilatispora, Fusarium polymorpha, Hesperomyces benghalensis, Hymenochaete costaricana, Infundibulicybe shannanensis, Kirschsteiniothelia heveae, K. yun-nanensis, Metschnikowia indica, Mollisia sokpayensia, Mrakia kurtzmania, Mycosphaerangium yunnanensis, Neodevriesia ny-pae, Neohelicomyces polyblastus, N. terrestricola, Neopestalotiopsis siamensis, Neosetophoma baotouensis, Ophiocordyceps kangii, Paramycosphaerella doitungensis, Paraneoaraneomyces brasiliensis, Parasarocladium salinum, Penicillium salinum, Phaeocollybia daliensis, Phaeoisaria hainanensis, Phlegmacium violaceofloccosum, Plectania hydeae, Pleurothecium hydeanum, Pluteus phlebofuscus, Podosphaera potentillae, Polyporus agharkarii, Praeclarispora yuanmouensis, Pseudocole-ophoma kunmingensis, Pseudopestalotiopsis phuketensis, Pseudorobillarda angiopteridis, Rachicladosporium cavernicola, Rickia cephaloleiae, R. sechellepti, Russula concentrica, Sarocladium cecavii, Spegazzinia ziziphi, Sporidesmiella xishuangban-naensis, Tainosphaeriella yunnanensis, Thaxterimyces oxidi, Thelephora chiangmaiensis, Tolypocladium ferruginense, Torula wurfbainiae, Trichaleurina asperispora, Troglomyces insularis, Tubeufia dongfangensis, T. jianfenglingensis, and Vexillomyces maritimus. The 25 new records comprise Anteaglonium gordoniae, Camposporium dulciaquae, Chaetopsina aquatica, Cyto-spora lvxinensis, Dematipyriforma terrestris, Dictyocheirospora garethjonesii, Golovinomyces latisporus, G. monardae, G. orontii, Hebeloma fuscatum, Helicoma dennisii, Nia singaporensis, Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum, Periconia pseudo-byssoides, Peroneutypa scoparia, Sphaeropsis citrigena, Thyridaria broussonetiae, Torpedospora radiata, Torula chromolae-nae, Vaginatispora microarmatispora, V. nypae, Valsaria insitiva, Veronaea botryosa, Verruculina enalia, and Zygosporium pseudogibbum.
Fungi of the family Gomphaceae are ecologically and economically very important. However, due to their morphological complexity and limited phylogenetic information on the taxa in this family, our understanding of its systematics and evolution remains rudimentary. Based on the most recent classification, Gomphaceae included 16 genera with genus Ramaria sensu lato being the most species rich. In traditional classification systems, Ramaria sensu lato was divided into four subgenera: Echinoramaria, Laeticolora, Lentoramaria, and Ramaria. However, recent phylogenetic analysis segregated subgenus Echinoramaria into an independent genus Phaeoclavulina. Here we explored the phylogenetic relationships among taxa within family Gomphaceae and related genera in other families within the order Gomphales. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using concatenated sequences of 1025 single-copy orthologs from 66 representative species, along with two-gene (ITS and nrLSU) phylogenetic analyses based on 506 samples. Our data revealed that the previously classified Gomphaceae is a non-monophyletic group and led to the following main changes: (1) Members of traditional subgenus Lentoramaria are distant from others in Gomphaceae and this subgenus is separated into five new genera (Acutiramaria, Brachyramaria, Gracimaria, Lentoramaria and Rubellaria); (2) Some species of subgenus Laeticolora, particularly those with pale purple coloration, are transferred to genus Gomphus; (3) The remaining members of subgenus Laeticolora are merged into genus Ramaria, retaining a relatively broad classification of genus Ramaria; and (4) Gautieria and Turbinellus are nested within the genus Ramaria, with Gautieria clustering with subgenus Ramaria and Turbinellus grouping with subgenus Laeticolora. Overall, five new genera and 113 species including 68 new ones and 13 new combinations were identified and described.
The plasmodial slime molds (Amoebozoa, class Myxomycetes) remain one of the few major eukaryotic groups lacking a classification based on robust multigene phylogenies. Extreme sequence divergence and the scarcity of universal primers have thus far impeded broad taxon sampling and the construction of deeply resolved phylogenies. Herein, we propose an updated system for the subclass Columellomycetidae (dark-spored myxomycetes). We employed a genome skimming approach to assemble a 22-gene matrix for 112 herbarium specimens spanning 101 species and integrated public transcriptomic and genomic data from three additional myxomycete species and two dictyostelid species. Different phylogeny inference methods and sequencing data from different loci (nuclear vs. mitochondrial) produced highly consistent and robust clades, most of which we propose as taxa at the level of families. The 22-gene backbone phylogeny was expanded by adding more than nine hundred accessions of dark-spored myxomycetes sequenced for 1-4 genes. This allowed us to produce a highly resolved and species-rich phylogeny of the Columellomycetidae and to revise the delimitation of several genera and families. We now recognize five orders and 12 families in the subclass Columellomycetidae. A new genus, Argentoderma, is described together with the new family Argentodermataceae and the new order Argentodermatales to accommodate three species forming an early-diverging lineage within the Columellomycetidae. The family Didymiaceae is split into four families that better reflect phylogenetic relationships within the Physarales; for this, three new families (Diacheaceae, Polyschismiaceae, and Didermataceae) are described alongside a more narrowly circumscribed Didymiaceae. Echinostelium australiense is transferred to Clastoderma, and Echinosteliopsis is placed within the Echinosteliaceae rather than in a separate order. Semimorula is synonymized with Echinostelium, Physarella is synonymized with Fuligo, Paradiacheopsis is synonymized with Comatricha, Collaria is restricted to the C. rubens clade within the Meridermataceae, and Stemonaria is synonymized with Stemonitis, herein redefined to include the clade centered on Stemonitis fusca. The genera Aethaliopsis, Angioridium, Carcerina, Claustria, and Scyphium are reinstated. In total, 35 new combinations and one nom. nov. (Stemonitis pinicola) are proposed. Extensive homoplasy in sporophore characters underlines the need to explore more fine-scale morphological characters that reflect the evolutionary history of myxomycetes more precisely. Our study demonstrates the utility of shallow genome sequencing of herbarium collections for resolving systematic problems and provides a phylogenomic foundation for comparative research on this neglected lineage of the Amoebozoa.
Macrofungi, although not a formal taxonomic group, comprise ecologically and economically important fungi characterized by conspicuous fruiting bodies. Despite major advances in fungal systematics, a dedicated and integrated classification framework for macrofungi has remained unavailable. Here, we present a hierarchical outline of macrofungal genera and establish MTSEM (Macrofungal Taxonomic System and Economic Mushrooms, https://nmdc.cn/macrofungi/), a continuously updated database integrating taxonomic, genomic, biodiversity resource, and economic trait information. The current outline recognizes 1,982 macrofungal genera distributed across two phyla, five subphyla, 15 classes, 49 orders, and 247 families. MTSEM is a macrofungi-centered resource built upon a comprehensive Dikarya-wide taxonomic backbone and currently integrates data for 9,943 fungal genera, 142,349 species, 20,633 genomes, together with extensive specimen, strain, publication, and patent records. Phylogenomic analyses of 829 fungal genomes supported the proposed classification and revealed that macrofungi are concentrated primarily within Agaricomycetes and Pezizomycetes. Comparative genomic analyses further showed that macrofungi possess larger genomes, higher gene content, fewer horizontally transferred genes, expanded biosynthetic gene cluster repertoires, and greater enrichment of regulatory and developmental functions than microfungi. These results suggest distinct evolutionary strategies associated with multicellular development and ecological specialization in macrofungi. MTSEM provides a comprehensive and continuously updated resource for macrofungal taxonomy, systematics, biodiversity research, and resource utilization.
The tropics account for one-third of global fungal biodiversity. In tropical climates, palms (Arecaceae) thrive as one of the most important monocots, valued for culture and food, while also hosting diverse fungal communities. Over the last 30 years, extensive research on fungi associated with palms has led to the identification of numerous new species, genera, and higher taxonomic groups. However, these valuable records are scattered and often lack DNA sequences and herbarium specimens. The current study compiles the data and provide a comprehensive analysis of the diversity, distribution, and host associations of palm fungi from 1990–2025. Fresh samples from palms were also collected in southern China and southern Thailand from 2021 to 2024 and fungal species were isolated. Eighty collections were obtained from Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Yunnan provinces in China, as well as Narathiwat Province, in Thailand. Based on morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, these collections were classified into five classes and 27 orders with Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes being dominant. Four of the 27 orders were incertae sedis within Dothideomycetes. Fifty families and 66 genera (including one genus incertae sedis in Pleosporales, one in Sordariales, and six in Xylariales) of Ascomycota were recorded. Cannoniaceae, Ganzhomycetaceae, Ganzhofusosporaceae, Leucocellomycetaceae, Pseudoconlariaceae, and Sporodochyalomycetaceae are introduced as new families. Calamomyces, Ganzhomyces, Ganzhofusospora, Leucocellomyces, Pesudoconioscypha, Proliferirostrum, Sporodochyalomyces, and Tropicomicromyces are described as new genera. In addition, 48 new species and 32 new host/country records are introduced. For novel taxa, detailed descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis are provided. Three new combinations (Pleurophragmium submersum, Tropicomicromyces magnoliae and T. palmae) are also reported based on morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic evidence. This study presents a comprehensive worldwide checklist of palm fungi, comprising 6,094 records from 1990 to 2025. Centered on East Asia (southern China and southern Thailand), we combined these data to examine the predicted diversity and host preferences of palm fungi. Additionally, using weighted global records, we estimate that the total number of palm-associated fungal species ranges from 44,500 to 72,000. Furthermore, based on our collection and existing data, we classify the host preferences of palm fungi into three categories: typical, atypical, and suspected hosts, with definitions provided for each category. Our study establishes a foundation for future ecological and evolutionary research on host-specificity, filling important knowledge gaps, standardizing scattered data, and emphasizing the urgent need for further exploration in tropical regions.
