The paper presents an integrated use of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to characterise the physical properties of near-surface materials, identify subsurface structures, and estimate the depth to bedrock in a planned construction area near Czernich & oacute;w, close to Krakow (southern Poland). The study shows that integrating MASW and ERT provides a cost-effective and complementary approach to subsurface characterisation, delivering more reliable and less ambiguous interpretations than when the methods are applied independently, thereby reducing the need for expensive and invasive in situ geotechnical investigations. Particular emphasis is also placed on the methodological aspects of both methods. The study site is located on an alluvial plain composed of alluvial soils, sands, sand-gravel mixtures, and silty clays overlying limestone bedrock. Geophysical data were collected along five profiles. The resulting shear wave velocity models and the inverse model resistivity sections show good agreement with borehole data. The study area is characterised by a wide range of physical parameters derived from both methods. The MASW survey enabled recognition of the subsurface down to the bedrock, revealing four seismic layers differing in S-wave velocity. Nevertheless, the MASW inversion did not provide reliable estimates of the limestone S-wave velocity, although it successfully delineated its depth and morphology. The ERT survey identified three geoelectrical layers and proved to be more effective in resolving shallow geological structure, particularly in identifying the boundaries between alluvial soils and sand-gravel mixtures, whereas the depth and morphology of the limestone bedrock were constrained primarily by MASW.
Municipal waste landfills are an important source of soil and water pollution due to the generation of leachates rich in heavy metals, salts, and organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Conventional remediation methods are expensive, sparking interest in phytoremediation as a sustainable alternative. This study evaluates the potential of Paulownia tomentosa (oxytree) in remediating soils contaminated by landfills. Seedlings were grown under controlled conditions and irrigated with distilled water, 50% landfill leachate, and 100% landfill leachate. Chemical analysis of the soil, roots, stems and leaves revealed the selective accumulation of macronutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) and selected potentially toxic elements (such as lead, zinc and copper), with the contaminants primarily retained in the roots. Stress biomarkers indicated significant physiological responses, including increased proline levels and decreased phenol and flavonoid content, reflecting plant stress under elevated leachate exposure. Notably, P. tomentosa demonstrated the ability to reduce 4- and 5-ring PAH concentrations, particularly at moderate leachate levels. However, its overall remediation effectiveness was limited in comparison to phytoremediation grasses, which exhibit stronger contaminant removal potential. These results indicate the limited suitability of Paulownia for landfill remediation, emphasizing the need to optimize leachate concentrations.
Accurate detection and mapping of underground utilities in complex urban environments, particularly in intensive construction zones such as tunnel sites, presents a significant engineering challenge. This paper investigates the application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) integrated with high-accuracy real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS positioning to identify and spatially define a damaged sewer pipeline above the Kobilja Glava tunnel construction site in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Non-destructive investigation was required due to the lack of reliable underground utility documentation and wastewater ingress into the tunnel during construction. The study was conducted under complex urban and geotechnical conditions, including asphalt pavement, high soil moisture, heterogeneous subsurface layers, and proximity to the tunnel. GPR surveys were performed using a dual- channel Leica DS2000 system with 250 MHz and 700 MHz antennas, combining grid-based and free-profile measurements. Spatial georeferencing was achieved with a Topcon Hiper HR RTK GNSS receiver, which provides centimeter-level positioning of identified reflectors within the national coordinate system of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data processing and interpretation followed standard GPR procedures. Results show that the sewer pipeline was reliably identified through hyperbolic reflections, with the depth of the pipe crown ranging from 1.1 to 1.7 m. Integration of GPR and GNSS data enabled precise reconstruction of the pipeline’s position and depth, supporting the design of a new pipeline and reducing construction risks. The study demonstrates the high effectiveness of the integrated GPR-GNSS approach in complex urban environments near tunnel structures. These findings suggest that the integration of GPR and GNSS technologies serves not only for object detection but also provides a critical methodological framework for real-time risk assessment during underground construction. The study demonstrates how precise spatial definition of damaged infrastructure can prevent broader geotechnical instabilities, elevating the work from a local case study to a universal model for monitoring urban infrastructure under stress.
In this study, the application of seismic refraction for the characterization of the rock mass at the lead mine tailings facility in Olovo is presented, with the aim of identifying lithostratigraphic horizons, structural discontinuities, and zones of reduced mechanical resistance that may affect tailings stability. The investigations were conducted along seven seismic profiles of varying lengths and resolutions, designed to cover both shallow and deeper portions of the rock mass to a depth of approximately 60 m. Data processing and interpretation were carried out using the Delta-t-V seismic tomography method, which enables reliable reconstruction of P-wave velocities even under conditions of complex geological structure and velocity inversions. The obtained results indicate pronounced heterogeneity of the rock mass, with clearly differentiated zones of surface embankments and unconsolidated materials (600-1,200 m/s), transitional zones of degraded and karstified rocks (1,800-3,200 m/s), and basal horizons of compact limestone, where P-wave velocities reach values of approximately 4,400 m/s. Particular attention was given to locally developed low-velocity anomalies within deeper horizons, interpreted as karst structures and cavernous zones that are potentially critical for tailings stability. By integrating the individual profiles, a unified 3D rock mass model was developed, enabling spatial analysis of anomalies and reliable terrain zoning. The results confirm that seismic refraction, combined with the Delta-t-V method, represents an efficient, non-destructive, and engineering-relevant tool for characterizing complex tailings rock masses. The developed models have direct application in stability assessment, remediation planning, and the enhancement of mining and environmental safety systems.
A geophysical survey using electrical imaging in the Wenner-Schlumberger configuration was carried out in a crystalline basement region in central C & ocirc;te d'Ivoire to improve knowledge of the aquifers in this area affected by recurrent water stress. The 2D resistivity sections, corroborated by petrographic field observations and drilling data, led to the development a 3D conceptual model of the aquifers in the study area. This model distinguishes three main lithological units: a resistant surface cover consisting of a lateritic cuirass, a conductive alteritic layer, and, at the base, a more or less fractured crystalline basement. From a structural point of view, several fracture networks have been identified, with predominantly NW-SE, NNW-SSE, and N-S orientations, constituting potential groundwater circulation zones.
There is an ongoing search for the most environmentally friendly use of various materials as additives to improve sludge properties. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of additive type and dose of biochar (BC), dolomite (DL), bentonite (BN) or diatomite (DT) on heavy metal immobilization, organic matter stability, biochemical activity and ecotoxicity of municipal sewage sludge (SS). Risk Assessment Code (RAC) and Ecological Risk Factor (ERF) values indicated low risk associated with heavy metal (HM) mobility. Higher non-hydrolyzing C contents, compared to SS control, were found in SS to which 1% BC (by 3.6%), 1% DL (by 38.0%), 1% BN (by 25.5%) and 1% DT (by 20.6%) were added. Higher ratio C humic acids/C fulvic acids (Ckh/Ckf) values (more than 30% on average) were obtained when 1% BC, DL or BN were added compared to the 3% addition. Compared to the SS, the Ckh/Ckf values in SS with the addition of BC, DL or BN were on average more than 19% higher. The least varied values of dehydrogenase activity and respiration activity of SS (within dose) were obtained after the application of DT and BC, while the values of both parameters differed the most when BN was added to SS. Based on the results, it is not possible to clearly state which of the applied additives had the most significant effect on reducing the biochemical activity of SS. Sewage sludge and its mixtures generally showed low phytotoxicity to Sorghum saccharatum and Lepidium sativum, as root growth inhibition was 8-56% and 17-48%, respectively.
The article presents the possibility of utilising the available potential of the main geothermal reservoirs in Poland, i.e. the Lower Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, by using the existing infrastructure in the form of still-operating district heating networks. The suggested solution, therefore integrates the resource side with the infrastructure side. This approach should significantly accelerate the implementation of the proposed solutions, supporting the achievement of the ambitious objectives of Poland’s Energy Policy 2040. Geothermal resources in Poland are characterised by low enthalpy and low temperature. Their temperature is often too low for direct utilisation in systems relying solely on geothermal energy. Existing district heating networks require significantly higher heating medium temperatures during specific periods (when low ambient air temperature is observed). Using existing boilers as peak energy sources while employing geothermal energy as the base load for meeting annual heating demands appears to be an attractive and feasible technical option. Poland, alongside Denmark, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania, is among the countries with the highest density of district heating networks. These networks serve as invaluable infrastructure, reducing the costs associated with geothermal energy extraction. However, this infrastructure is under real threat from the trend towards decentralised energy systems. The liquidation of district heating networks would be irreversible, further exacerbated by the lack of access to clean and alternative energy carriers to replace fossil fuels. It has been demonstrated that, in most analysed cases, the combination of available geothermal resources and district heating infrastructure can successfully contribute to achieving the assumed goals of Poland’s Energy Policy. In the best locations, the share of renewable energy exceeded 80%, with an average of around 50%. The total reduction of CO2 emissions is estimated as 1.16 million tonnes yearly. The article draws attention to the slow but positive change in the electricity mix, in which the share of RES is growing. This trend is extremely beneficial for popularising heat pumps powered by electricity using geothermal resources as a low-temperature energy carrier.
Surface runoff is a key variable in the water balance, representing excess water that exceeds soil infiltration capacity and is not absorbed by drains. Accurate estimation of surface runoff is crucial for flood prevention, optimizing agricultural water use, and detecting irregular water capture. Various computational approaches, including machine learning, deep learning, statistical models, and hydraulic simulations, have been developed to estimate runoff. However, despite extensive research, many models overlook the influence of terrain characteristics – such as topography, slope, and surface roughness – leading to potential inaccuracies in runoff prediction.This study conducts a comprehensive bibliographic review of state-of-the-art research on surface runoff estimation, with a focus on methods that integrate digital terrain models (DTMs), remote sensing, and computational modeling techniques. Through this analysis, a specific research niche was identified and verified, highlighting the need for terrain-sensitive runoff models that better incorporate topographic variables into hydrological modeling. By evaluating and comparing existing methodologies, this review provides insights into the most effective approaches for runoff estimation and offers recommendations for selecting the appropriate models based on landscape and hydrological conditions. It also presents potential solutions that may pave the way for a better understanding of runoff processes.
This study investigates the influence of substitution methods for left-censored values on exploratory data analysis (EDA) of the incineration bottom ash (IBA). IBA, a by-product of municipal solid waste incineration, contains a wide range of economically valuable elements, many of which are frequently reported below detection limits due to analytical constraints. The study aims to evaluate the impact of different substitution methods on descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression modeling outcomes. Four widely used substitution approaches were compared: (i) replacement with half of the detection limit, (ii) random values from a uniform distribution, (iii) robust regression on order statistics (ROS), and (iv) tobit regression (applied in both small and large variants). Five trace elements with different proportions of censored values (13-67%) were analyzed using a dataset of 52 weekly samples collected throughout 2021 at the Krakow Thermal Waste Treatment Plant. The impact of each method was assessed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation matrices, and multiple linear regression models. Additional analyses incorporated 11 auxiliary elements to enhance correlation and regression model robustness. The results show that substitution methods significantly affect data distributions, particularly for elements with high censoring rates. ROS and tobit regression produced more stable statistical outputs and narrower histograms compared to simpler methods. Furthermore, regression model performance improved with substitution compared to raw data, with tobit methods demonstrating the highest accuracy for elements with strong inter-element correlations. The findings provide methodological guidance for reliable data handling in IBA analysis and recovery assessments.
Studies were carried out on the Popeli Beds, which were mainly deposited by mass movements along the northern slope of the Tethys Ocean and form an olistostrome sequence occurring within Paleogene deposits. The analysis focuses on the deposits exposed in the northern limb of the Pobuk Syncline-the structural element of the Oriv Skyba-in the external zones of the Skyba (Skole) Nappe. Structural, lithological, sedimentological and paleontological studies allowed for the identification and characterisation of the olistostrome sequence and revealed its structure. Six individual olistostrome complexes were distinguished and described in detail. Five of these are gravelly mudstones with oversized clasts, overlain by medium-bedded mudstones and sandstones, the last one consists of deformed packages of thin bedded mudstones and sandstones. The olistostrome sequence is composed of a wide range of lithological and stratigraphic components, including Tithonian-Berriasian shallow-water limestones (so-called & Scaron;tramberk-type limestones), Upper Cretaceous limestones, sandstones, and siliceous rocks, as well as Paleogene mudstones, sandstones, limestones, and marls. Biostratigraphic analysis of foraminifera indicates the Bartonian as the time of displacement. The olistostrome niche migrated downslope from a lower shelf-upper slope position characterized by marl sedimentation, to slope areas dominated by turbidite sedimentation.
Profiling pollutant distributions contributes to a deeper understanding of the diffusion of traffic air pollution, with road transport being a significant source of air pollution. The available literature presents numerous methods for analyzing air pollution distributions resulting from vehicular transport. However, these studies primarily focus on simulated conditions rather than real-world field measurements. This study examines real-world field measurements of air pollution near a highway in Poland using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform across different seasons. The UAV platform was equipped with a semiconductor laser sensor for measuring air pollutants such as SO2, CO2, NxOy, O-3 and PM10, PM(2. 5 )and PM1. Although there are many works on profiling pollutants, this is the first such attempt to visualize pollutants in Poland, along with comparing the indications to the National Air Pollution Monitoring. By applying Spearman's correlation coefficient, the study assesses the correlation of pollutant concentrations within the vertical profile from a street canyon and conducts pollution mapping. Observations indicate that in spring, summer, and autumn, pollutant concentrations decrease with altitude. However, in winter, a "pollution cloud" was detected at an altitude of 20-30 m, while concentrations above this threshold declined. The findings provide valuable insights for developing recommendations to protect public health. In the future, they may be used to properly manage urban infrastructure in order to protect the population from the negative effects of air pollution.
This study presents results for trace elements (TEs) and rare earth elements (REEs) in five pit lakes located within the Muskau Arch, one of the largest regions in Central and Eastern Europe affected by acid mine drainage (AMD). Concentrations of TEs (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Th, Tl, U, V, Zn) and REEs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were determined using inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QQQ-MS). The highest concentrations were recorded for Fe (0.14-156.9 mg/L), which was the dominant TE in all pit lakes except MA1, where Al was dominant. PCA indicated that TEs such as Al, Be, Co, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sc, Th, and Zn were strongly associated with pit lakes affected by AMD. Two subgroups were identified: (1) Be, Co, Ni, and Zn, which correlated with Al and low pH, and (2) Fe, Mn, Li, Rb, and Th, which correlated with slightly higher pH and anoxic and more reducing conditions. The toxicity analysis of TEs revealed substantial variation among the pit lakes (from extreme to low toxicity) and indicated that the most important TEs contributing to water toxicity were Al, Mn, Zn, and Ba. Total REE concentrations ranged from 0.15 mu g/L to 149.3 mu g/L, with by far the highest values recorded in MA2, and their concentrations were strongly influenced by pH. The pit lakes generally exhibited LREE (including La to Eu) enrichment, as well as a weaker MREE (including Sm to Dy) enrichment. Positive Gd anomalies were identified at all sampling points. Additionally, positive Eu anomalies were observed in all pit lakes except MA2, which was the most strongly affected by AMD, and positive Tb anomalies were recorded primarily in samples influenced by AMD.
On the border of the Kujavian Anticlinorium and the & Lstrok;& oacute;d & zacute; Synclinorium, the Rog & oacute;& zacute;no salt dome was formed and broke through the overburden of Mesozoic formations. The groundwater circulating around them leaches the salt body and, being saline, is subject to drainage in the Moszczenica valley. Previous measurements of vertical hydraulic gradients and physicochemical analyses showed conditions favorable for the penetration of aqueous solutions of Zechstein salt into the riverbed, which is particularly intensified at low surface water levels. The main objective of this publication is to determine the origin of groundwater flowing into the hyporheic zone (HZ) of Moszczenica using radium isotopes. Hydrochemical studies were carried out on deep groundwater in the supply area, flow and drainage zones of the Groundwater Body, within the boundaries of which the salt dome is located. The preliminary assessment of the hydrochemical specificity of HZ waters, carried out using the EMMA method, showed that these are waters which, as a mixture, cannot be related to any of the end member elements selected from the set of local groundwaters. Based on previous hydrochemical studies, the share of deep groundwaters in the HZ was determined to be 22-33%. On this basis, the reconstruction of the sought mixing end element was performed with the isotopic signature of the river water and the mixture of HZ waters. Using several computational scenarios, it was indicated that these may be waters from deep parts adjacent to the salt diapir of Cretaceous aquifers from the southwest.
The possibility of utilising the available potential of the main geothermal reservoirs in Poland, i.e., the Lower Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, by using the existing infrastructure in the form of still-operating district heating networks is the subject of this work. The suggested solution, therefore, integrates the resource side with the infrastructure side. This approach should significantly accelerate the implementation of the proposed solutions, supporting the achievement of the ambitious objectives of Poland's Energy Policy 2040. Geothermal resources in Poland are characterised by low enthalpy and low temperature. Their temperature is often too low for direct utilisation in systems relying solely on geothermal energy. Existing district heating networks require significantly higher heating medium temperatures during specific periods (when low ambient air temperature is observed). Using gas boilers as peak energy sources while employing geothermal energy as the base load for meeting annual heating demands appears to be an attractive and feasible technical option. Poland, alongside Denmark, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania, is among the countries with the highest density of district heating networks. These networks serve as invaluable infrastructure, reducing the costs associated with geothermal energy extraction. However, this infrastructure is under real threat from the trend towards decentralised energy systems. The liquidation of district heating networks would be irreversible, further exacerbated by the lack of access to clean and alternative energy carriers to replace fossil fuels. It has been demonstrated that in most analysed cases the combination of available geothermal resources and district heating infrastructure can successfully contribute to achieving the assumed goals of Poland's Energy Policy. In the best locations, the share of renewable energy exceeded 80%, with an average of around 50%. The total reduction of CO(2 )emissions is estimated as 1.16 million tonnes yearly. The work draws attention to the slow but positive change in the electricity mix, in which the share of RES is growing. This trend is extremely beneficial for popularising heat pumps powered by electricity using geothermal resources as a low-temperature energy carrier.
Chemical and isotopic studies of brines in salt mines are a key element in identifying their origins. This, in turn, is applied in determining the degree of water hazard. Studies of the chemical and isotopic composition of eight brine samples in two measurement series were carried out at the K & lstrok;odawa Inc. Salt Mine in 2022 for pH, electrolytical conductivity of water (EC), mineral alkalinity, total alkalinity, total hardness, carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Ba2+, Li+, Sr2+, NH4+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, Br-, F-, I-, CO(3)(2-)ions as well as delta O-18 and delta H-2 in H2O. Analysed water phenomena were selected based on archival data which indicated their various chemical compositions. Using analyses based on hydrochemical indices and isotopic composition, it was found that the studied brines represented the isotopic composition of O and H in H2O typical of Zechstein brines, Paleo-infiltration waters, pre-Pleistocene infiltration waters and waters of mixed origin. Their salinity was mainly primary (inherent) in nature. The dominant processes affecting chemical transformations were ion exchange, precipitation and dissolution of sulphate minerals and halite, redox processes and, to a lesser extent, mixing of waters. The possible influence of inclusions on water chemistry was also found. Additionally, the analysis showed limitations in the applicability of selected hydrochemical indices.
The subsoiling of arable soils as part of a strategy against excessive compaction and the resulting plow pan can be successfully used as a pro-retention treatment. The study of changes in the physical and water properties of soil as a result of subsoiling was carried out on three sites: Wojnowice, Strzybnik, and Owsiszcze, located in the Raciborz district, Sla skie Voivodeship (Poland), in a silty-loam soil. A total of five soil profiles (0-150 cm) were analyzed before and after subsoiling. The experiment used a seven-tine Maschio subsoiler at a depth of 50-60 cm between 2012-2014. The physical (e.g., soil bulk density, soil organic matter) and water (e.g., maximum water capacity, field water capacity, permanent wilting point, total plant available water) properties of the soil were determined before and after subsoiling, taking into account the division into layers: 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm, and 50-150 cm. Statistical analyses were used to check changes in soil physical and water parameters. The results show that the subsoiling treatment caused a statistically significant decrease in soil compaction (bulk density) at all three layers and increased moisture in the range of total plant available water in the subsoil layer (25-50 cm). Subsoiling in silty-loam soil will enable the soil's retention potential to be used, especially in dry years.
Rare earth element (REE) mineralization has been documented at R & eogon;dziny, located on the eastern margin of the Karkonosze granite (Sudetes, Poland). Minerals of the REE[(As,P)O-4] group with a tetragonal zircontype structure, primarily xenotime-(Y)-chernovite-(Y), Y(PO4)-Y(AsO4) solid solutions, have been identified. These minerals occur as euhedral grains and also as intergrowths with secondary arsenates and silicates, filling cracks, fractures, and voids. Their textural diversity and paragenetic relationships with Ca-, Cu-, Pb-, and Bi-bearing arsenates indicate a crystallization sequence involving successive mineral-forming episodes. Local enrichments in REEs have also been recorded in common supergene arsenates, such as Ca(Pb)-Cu phases including conichalcite (CaCu(AsO4)(OH)) and duftite (PbCu(AsO4)(OH)). Minerals of the xenotime-(Y)-chernovite-(Y) solid solution correspond to intermediate compositions, with the chernovite end-member molar fraction ranging from 0.46 to 0.89. Based on EPMA analyses, yttrium is the dominant cation, accompanied by considerable amounts of middle rare earth elements (MREEs), especially neodymium (up to 12.60 wt.%; 0.21 apfu), samarium (up to 10.39 wt.%; 0.167 apfu), and gadolinium (up to 6.72 wt.%; 0.107 apfu). Some chemical compositions also show a trend towards the gasparite-(LREE) (LREE(AsO4)) compositional field. Xenotime-(Y)-chernovite-(Y) minerals display microporosity, likely resulting from dissolution, metasomatic alteration, and subsequent recrystallization. The REEs at R & eogon;dziny likely originated from both evolved, late-stage hydrothermal fluids and rocks of the metamorphic envelope of the Karkonosze granite, where REEs were mobilized by post-magmatic fluids. Subsequent supergene processes may have further enhanced secondary enrichment.
Stick-slip phenomena roughly describe the behavior of a tectonic fault. A simplified model of stick-slip events is often assumed in laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of laboratory earthquakes. This work proposes a more advanced approach. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was used to generate a numerical model for simulating the laboratory earthquakes in which the granular layer was taken into account. The proposed model takes into account an irregular, random pattern of stress increase and decrease in such a system. At 5,000 selected, regularly spaced time points, the so-called "checkpoints", 25 parameters were measured, describing the average state of all particles forming the numerical fault at a given moment. The created dataset was used to train the Random Forest algorithm, and then, as part of the tests, this algorithm was used to predict subsequent stick-slip events. The algorithm made predictions solely on the basis of information about the current parameters of the particles. Importantly, the predictions made did not use the history of previous stick-slip events. Feature Importance and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to assess the contribution of individual particle physical parameters to the prediction results.
This study confirms the theory of the variability of the origin of radioactive potassium in various meteorite classes, generated from the dynamic nucleosynthesis (primordial) process, and other processes induced by the solar/cosmic-radiation activation or fractionation caused by the impact vaporization mechanism. Highprecision radioactive K-40 analysis confirms the differences between various types of meteorites. The concentrations of potassium change from 0.50 +/- 0.02 Bq/kg (NWA 15015, mesosiderite) to 26.2 +/- 1.2 Bq/kg (Chelyabinsk, LL chondrite) i.e. three orders of magnitude. All radiometric measurements have been made using a lowbackground gamma spectrometry system. Additionally, a set of common minerals - Fa (fayalite in olivine), Fs (ferrosilite), and Wo (wollastonite in pyroxenes) - was applied (MetBase n.d.). For the radionuclides factor variability, the principal component analysis (PCA) for the chemometric analysis has been applied. Two factors of the K-40 variability have been identified, described, and explained. In this study, PCA was applied for the interpretation of the K-40 potassium origin sources in 32 meteorite specimens, represent various groups and classes of meteorites. Two significant PCA factors of variability have been identified, PC1 (51.04%) and PC2 (30.68%), assigned as an activation process by cosmic radiation exposure and a nucleosynthesis mechanism (primordial), respectively.
