Municipal solid waste incineration generates fly ash, which is increasingly viewed as a potential secondary raw material. We present multi-element analyses of fly ash from the ARGO plant at Roskilde, Denmark. Samples were collected with a sampling cylinder from eight sequential outlets for 15 days, yielding 120 samples. These were then composited by outlet, sieved at 2 mm and all size fractions (n = 16) analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and optical emission spectrometry. This is the first data set to report elemental compositions across individual precipitation stages while distinguishing particle sizes. The data show that existing fly ash sub-streams possess greater individual recycling potential than bulk fly ash. Notably, coarse fractions and bag-filter ash are enriched in Zn and other volatile elements (Na, K, Cl and S), including metals exceeding regulatory thresholds for hazardous waste classification (e.g. Pb, Cd, Sb and Cu). Their co-occurrence with Zn highlights the multi-commodity recovery potential of fly ash and suggests that improved control of formation and precipitation processes could enable more selective and efficient recycling strategies. There are grounds for further statistical analysis of the data and mineralogical studies of the sample material archived at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. Geographical coverageARGO municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant in Roskilde, Denmark.Temporal coverageNovember 2023.Subject(s)Geochemistry and geochronology, energy and resources.Data format(s)Raw geochemical data in .csv format.Sample collection & analysisSamples (n = 120) were obtained from eight different precipitation outlets at the plant once a day for 15 days. Composite samples (n = 8) of each outlet series were made and then sieved into size fractions (0–2 mm and > 2 mm). The size-fractioned composite samples (n = 16) were then analysed with ICP-MS and ICP-OES.ParametersConcentration of elements (n = 60): major and trace elements.Data availabilityAll data files are available at https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/5OBYRURelated publicationsClausen et al. (2019):https://data.geus.dk/pure-pdf/MiMa-R_2019_01_web.pdfFeltrin et al. (2024):https://www.nordicinnovation.org/2024/information-management-and-classificationPotential application(s) for these dataThe data allow for further analyses to increase the understanding of the chemistry at each precipitation stage of FA as well as FA mineralisation, formation and recyclability.
This data set provides a comprehensive assessment of groundwater partial pressure CO2 (pCO2) across Denmark, spanning more than three decades (1988–2024). Using groundwater chemistry data from the national borehole database, Jupiter, pCO2 levels were calculated and compared using two distinct approaches: (1) geochemical modelling via PHREEQC; and (2) simplified carbonate equilibria using only pH and alkalinity. While the latter is widely used for its simplicity, the PHREEQC method offers more accurate estimates by accounting for ionic strength and complexation. Despite Denmark’s extensive public archive of groundwater chemistry, pCO2 values have remained largely unavailable to the scientific community due to data complexity. This data set addresses this data gap through rigorous cleaning and the flagging of potentially contaminated samples to ensure high data fidelity. The resulting long-term, large-scale overview is essential for elucidating the role of groundwater in the carbon cycle and its spatiotemporal dynamics. Furthermore, these data establish critical baseline conditions necessary for monitoring and protecting groundwater resources in the context of the future CO2 injection and storage in deep geological reservoirs. Geographical coverageDenmarkTemporal coverage1989–2024Subject(s)Geochemistry and geochronology, Soils and biogeochemistryData format(s)Calculated geochemical data in xlsx format.Sample collection and analysisCalculated using PRHEEQC and carbonate equilibria based on groundwater chemistry dataParametersField measured pH, alkalinity, % charge balance error, pCO2, concentrations of B, NH4, Si, Total P, DOC and HS¯Related publicationsNonePotential application(s) for these dataDefining baseline of groundwater pCO2 prior to CO2 injection for geological storage. Basic research on groundwater’s role in terrestrial carbon cycle.
We present a point-based inventory of landslide events at Møns Klint, Denmark. It is compiled from a Danish Nature Agency (Naturstyrelsen) event list, quality-controlled by adding sources where possible and georeferenced from the listed place names to derive best-estimate cliff localities representing potential source areas. The dataset is provided as a GeoPackage and an Excel file containing metadata on date/temporal precision, location, event type, size class and source. The inventory contains 63 events, spanning from 1801 to 2024. Limitations include locality name uncertainty, variable temporal precision, uncertainty in landslide size and type, and reporting bias related to spatial accessibility and uneven documentation through time. The inventory suggests that landslides are relatively evenly distributed across the cliff. They occur throughout the year but cluster in winter and spring. The inventory provides a baseline for operational monitoring and hazard communication at Møns Klint and supports further research on event frequency, spatial distribution and links between landsliding and potential drivers such as coastal erosion, hydro-meteorological forcing and freeze–thaw processes. The dataset may also serve as a template for developing a national landslide-event inventory for Denmark.
Anthophyllite- and garnet-bearing metapelites from the Nunatarsuaq domain, located north of the UNESCO World Heritage site Ilulissat Icefjord (Kangiata Sullua) in Greenland at the northern margin of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen, enable a first quantitative assessment of the conditions of metamorphism in the area. Geothermobarometry undertaken on metapelites from a representative section of the domain indicates peak metamorphic conditions of c. 700–750°C and c. 8–9.5 kbar implying burial to mid–lower-crustal depths during deformation. The high-temperature range is consistent with the occurrence of widespread textural evidence for partial melting in the rocks. Retrograde chlorite, epidote and actinolite along with reverse zoning of Mn in garnet rims record subsequent cooling and hydration during exhumation into lower amphibolite to greenschist facies conditions, although the timing is unclear. The recognition of upper-amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions indicates that the Nunatarsuaq domain likely shared a common Palaeoproterozoic 1.82–1.81 Ga metamorphic event, probably associated with crustal thickening during collision of the Rae and North Atlantic cratons in the Nagssugtoqidian orogen. These findings reveal that the Nunatarsuaq domain preserves a higher-grade metamorphic imprint than previously recognised and refine the metamorphic architecture of the northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen.
This study presents a first-order assessment of reservoir pressure regimes across onshore Denmark, focusing on hydrostatic conditions and occurrences of natural overpressure. Using a newly compiled database of brine salinity measurements from 28 wells, hydrostatic pressures were estimated based on salinity-derived density profiles. Validation against in situ pressure measurements confirms the reliability of this approach. Additional analysis of historical artesian deep wells documents local overpressured reservoirs within specific units such as the Zechstein Group, Bunter Sandstone and Ørslev Formations. These overpressured compartments suggest that reservoirs may be hydraulically isolated, potentially impacting storage capacity in CO2 sequestration projects. Overpressure is also observed in the overburden within the Chalk Group. We suggest that regional Neogene uplift has further shaped hydraulic heads in the Chalk Group, introducing semi-regional pressure compartments. The main objective of this study was to establish a robust regional baseline for hydrostatic pressure conditions while highlighting historically underappreciated overpressure phenomena relevant to risk assessment in subsurface CO2 storage, geothermal utilisation and underground energy storage. We calculate the pressure required to lift brine to the surface, potentially allowing interaction with groundwater and thereby providing practical constraints for risk assessments and subsurface pressure management in prospective CO2 storage sites. In order to distinguish between open versus closed aquifer behaviour and identify potential brine discharge pathways, the sealing capacity of the Quaternary cover above the sparse natural outcrops of the Gassum and Skagerrak Formations, together with the conductivity of fault systems, must be assessed. These results establish a pressure baseline and provide critical input for future pressure communication models, supporting site selection, operational safety and coordinated subsurface resource management during Denmark’s green energy transition.
