Aim: The cause of all carotid artery diseases is directly related to the morphological structure and hemodynamic properties of the carotid artery and its branches. Our aim of research is to find answers to the following two questions. 1-Compared to normal patients, how can hemodynamic and rheological changes occur in the carotid arteries and its branches of the patients with stenotic, aneursymatic and dissection? 2-And how do these changes differ according to diseases? Materials and methods: In our research, Computed Tomography Angiography images of carotid artery were analyzed using Sectra and AW Server 2 3D volume rendering and vessel analysis programs. Results: Patients with extra cranial and intra cranial aneurysms were found to have lower shear stresses, slower blood flow rates, but on the contrary, having higher blood pressure and higher Reynolds numbers that affect the artery walls. On the other hand, higher shear stresses, higher blood flow velocities, lower Reynolds numbers and lower wall tension values were found in patients with dissection. Conclusion: It has been concluded that the presence of aneurysm and dissection may play an important role in vascular shaping, or vice versa.
Imaging in Medicine Journal deals fundamental and translational research and applications focused on medical imaging, which seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones and also yields physical and biomedical advancements in the early detection, diagnostics, and therapy of disease. It includes image formation, image processing, image analysis, image interpretation and understanding, CT scan, PET, Ultrasound, X-Ray. Computer graphics and visualization and inverse problems in imaging: leading to applications to diverse areas in science, medicine, engineering and other fields. An MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, is a painless way that medical professionals can look inside the body to see your organs and other body tissues. Medical imaging refers to several different technologies that are used to view the human body in order to diagnose, monitor, or treat medical conditions.
Imaging is one of the most important tools for orthodontists to evaluate and record size and form of craniofacial structures. Orthodontists routinely use Two-dimensional (2D) static imaging techniques, but deepness of structures cannot be obtained and localized with 2D imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been developed in the early of 1990's and has gained a precious place in dentistry, especially in orthodontics. The aims of this literature review are to summarize the current state of the 3D imaging techniques and to evaluate the applications in orthodontics.
Background: Morphometry of the lumbar vertebrae is necessary for the development of spine implants and instrumentations. Knowledge of surgically relevant anatomical parameters is essential for spine surgical interventions. However, results from previous studies varied among different ethnicities. This is the first cross-sectional study of lower lumbar morphometry (L3-L5) among the Indonesian population. This study also intends to show differences between genders, ages, and the lumbar levels. Methods: The morphometric dimensions of total 900 vertebrae of L3-L5 on CT scan images were measured in 150 males and 150 females. The data were analyzed using Independent T-test or Mann Whitney to show gender differences. Correlation with ages were analyzed using Pearson or Spearman. Further, dimensions were subjected to One-way Anova and Tukey-b (Post Hoc) to show any significant differences between the means of the lumbar levels (L3-L5). Results: In general, vertebral dimensions of L3-L5 were reported to be greater in males than in females. Besides, significant correlations (p-value <0.05) with age were found for L4-L5 cortical bone thickness, disc height, and L3 spinal canal width. The post hoc analysis showed significant mean differences between the lumbar levels (p-value<0.05), except for endplates width. There are significant gender and ethnic differences in various dimensions of the lumbar vertebrae. Conclusions: This study may serve as anatomical reference in designing lumbar prosthesis and instrumentations in Asian people, especially Indonesian population, and thus critical for safe surgical interventions.
This is a rare case report of a large abdominal aortic aneurysm with mural thrombosis and chronic haematoma with signs of impending rupture. Rupture of an aortic aneurysm is a catastrophic event with high mortality rate. Hence, knowledge of the signs of impending rupture are very crucial to know. Hyperdense crescent sign and focal discontinuation of intimal calcifications are one of the many signs.
Background: Nuclear cardiology can detect both ischemia and inflammation of the heart. It's difficult to distinguish adjacent tissues in a cardiac scintography image. Objectives: The aim of the study is to characterize of myocardium anomalies using watershed-based segmentation approaches in nuclear cardiology. The researchers seek to detect heart tissue in nuclear medicine pictures by using watershed methods. The contrast is blurred, and the presence of fleck noise complicates interpretation. Methods: Thus, color-based image processing can considerably boost the rate of cardiac detection in digital image processing. This study employed color-based k-means clustering. Color space conversion was carried out using scintographs. Following that, using color analysis tools, the image was segmented. Results: On exhibit was an altogether new and crystal-clear rendition of the segmented scintograph. The proposed method precisely defines the cardiac tissues and their borders. We calculated both the accuracy rate and the recall reckoning. 98.9+9.01 (p>0.05) and 0.07+0.004 (p>0.05) were the results. Conclusion: The proposed approach is used to identify cardiac tissue precisely.
The importance of accurate Fetal Gestational Age (FGA) determination in the management of obstetric patients cannot be over emphasized. The choice of obstetric management decision and its outcome depends on the knowledge of the exact age of the pregnancy. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the fetal gestational age and correlate it with the conventional parameters. Methods: Data were collected at Wad Madani Military Hospital, Nyala Military Hospital and Private Clinics from 2016-2020 (n=400) cases were selected randomly by non probability method using quota technique. Using several ultrasound machines (Esaoti My Lap 70, Honda HS2000) with probe curve linear 3.5 megahertz. Results: New Sudanese charts were reported for BPD, HC, AC, and FL. Reference equations for the dating of pregnancy were presented. There is significant fetal biometric difference between Sudanese and non sudanese peoples (eg. Egyptian and Korean). Fetal BPD, HC, AC and FL compared with gestational age, it confirms that there is a significance difference between the measurements and gestational age, p-value is (0.00). There are equations resulting from these tables that explain the relationship between (BPD, HC, AC, and FL) and gestational age for Sudanese people. Conclusion: The fetal growth is not uniform and varies between different groups of citizens. In the present study, we showed accuracy of sonographic instruments and presented sudanese fetal biometry. We believe that our standard, being derived from singleton pregnant women, is a reference for fetal growth.
This study investigated the patient dose reduction potential and clinical utilization of Automatic Tube Current Modulation (ATCM) systems in CT examinations. Assessment of the effectiveness of ATCM was conducted using standard CT phantoms of diameters 16 cm and 32 cm, and water phantoms of diameters 20 cm and 22 cm, which were scanned with and without activating ATCM. Assessment of clinical utilization of the ATCM systems was conducted by investigating in real time practice on utilization of ATCM during patient scanning, and from information of scan parameters were extracted from CT database for 125 patients that underwent different routine examinations at six multislice CT scanners acquired by six hospitals. From the database, information about the operation and utilization of automatic tube current modulation systems during different examinations was obtained. This information included the activation/ deactivation status of the systems, reference image quality mAs, effective mAs, mAs per slice and CTDIvol. In the phantom study, systems were found to reduce radiation dose with marginal increase in image noise, and that they are more effective in reduction of radiation dose for smaller patients than the large ones. Direct observations and analysis of the informations extracted from CT database revealed that most technologists had limited knowledge about the operation and utilization of the ATCM systems of respective scanners. These limitations were attributed to lack of standardization of different types and versions of the ATCM systems that are, in addition, not userfriendly. Some technologists claimed that the diagnostic image qualities were low when the ATCM systems were activated for some examinations. The radiographers and radiologists should attend the in-service training programmes to learn on how to operate and effectively utilize the ATCM systems. The CT scanner manufacturers should produce the standard and more user-friendly ATCM systems during future designs.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disease, affecting the joints with varying severity among patients. The risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and environmental exposure (cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and occupational). Many complications can follow, such as permanent joint damage requiring arthroplasty, rheumatoid vasculitis, and Felty syndrome requiring splenectomy if it remains unaddressed. As there is no cure for RA, the treatment goals are to reduce the pain and stop/slow further damage. Here, we present a brief summary of various past and present treatment modalities to address the complications associated with RA. Significance of the study: Rheumatoid arthritis not only affects the joints but can also affect internal organs, thus causing permanent disability in many instances. Currently, there is no cure for this autoimmune disease; rather, symptoms are addressed on an individual basis. Here, we succinctly summarize the classic and current treatment options available for the management of patients suffering from this complex disease.
Purpose: The Tibial Tuberosity–Trochlear Groove (TT-TG) distance is a key parameter used to assess patients with patellar dislocation. Different values are reported in different populations. Our purpose is to determine the TT-TG distance in an Eastern Mediterranean population and to identify an association with baseline characteristics. Methods: The knee computed tomography of adult patients from Eastern Mediterranean origin was identified through our institutional database. Patients who had a previous history of patellar dislocations or other pathologies were excluded. A sports medicine orthopedic surgeon, a musculoskeletal radiologist, and a non-musculoskeletal radiologist read the scans. The TT-TG distance and knee size were measured twice by each reader and the average was obtained for the population. We extracted the baseline characteristics of the patients from the medical records and correlated them with the measured TT-TG distances and knee sizes. We also calculated the inter-observer and intra-observer reliabilities of the measurements. Results: One hundred one knee scans in 86 patients were read. The mean TT-TG distance was 14.76 mm ± 3.91 mm with no statistically significant association with patient age, gender, sex, height, weight, BMI, or knee size. Knee size was 80.51 mm ± 6.70 mm with a statistically significant correlation with the patient’s gender, height, and weight. Our results showed excellent intra-observer and inter-observer reliability. Conclusion: Mean TT-TG distance in the normal Eastern Mediterranean population is more similar to the Western population but on the higher side of the spectrum of previously reported populations.
Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning through the use of any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science.
Oral health is very important for a quality life. Dentistry is a branch of science that contribute itself for the maintenance and treatment of teeth and gums. The dental market has divided into two parts one is dental consumables which are implants, orthodontics, crown, bridges, etc. and dental equipment composed autoclaves, sterilizers, dentist chair, etc
After all, seeing things that the human eye can’t normally see is a pretty incredible power. The ability to see more than the human eye can perceive has a much more practical application than the superhero musings of a comic book-loving kid, though. Doctors and healthcare professionals often need to see inside the human body to figure out what’s going on. Fortunately, what the eye cannot do, diagnostic imaging tests can. These diagnostic imaging techniques are the work of radiologic technologists who use their “powers” to help save lives-all without a cape! Diagnostic imaging is non-invasive, meaning medical professionals can look inside without surgery. With these exams, doctors can see how inner organs are functioning, joints are moving and much more. Diagnostic imaging does everything from confirming the presence of disease and determining the severity of an injury to providing a strategy for upcoming surgical procedures.
Purpose: Detection of pulmonary nodules in patients with extra pulmonary malignancy is common. Consequently, differentiating malignant from benign lesions is important to determine adequate treatment protocol. This study aims first to detect pulmonary nodules at first staging CT for extra pulmonary malignancy; and second to evaluate the correlation between the morphological criteria of pulmonary nodules and the malignancy of nodules. By doing so, the study would be able to estimate the risk of metastasis in pulmonary nodules detected at first staging CT for extra pulmonary malignancy. Methods: In this retrospective study, we included patients aged 18 years old and over that had a first staging CT between January 2010 and December 2012 for extra pulmonary malignancy and showed one or more pulmonary nodules, and that had been followed for more than 5 years. Each nodule detected was judged by a radiologist as suspicious or non-suspicious based on morphological characterization and confirmed on subsequent follow-up CT scans as metastatic or not metastatic. Results: 108 patients were included with a male/female ratio of 1. The mean age at diagnosis was 58.56 years. In total, the study included 287 nodules measuring 4.54 mm ± 1.68 mm. The distance between each nodule and a pleural surface was in average 6.12 mm. 42.2% of nodules presented a septal tail, and 81.5% had regular margins. The round shape was the most frequent (35.9%). The concordance between the judgment of the nodules into suspicious and non-suspicious and their metastatic character was statistically proven (P<0.001). The judgment showed a sensitivity of 80.2%, specificity of 68%, and positive predictive value of 67.7% and negative predictive value of 80.3%. The distance to a pleural surface of the non-suspicious nodules was significantly shorter than that of the suspicious nodules (P<0.001), the same for non-metastatic and metastatic nodules. The metastatic nodules were more common in patients with a larger number of nodules (P<0.001). The irregular margins were significantly correlated with the suspicious judgment of the nodules (P=0.001). 92.8% of oval nodules were non-suspicious whereas 74.7% were non-metastatic. 97.1% of round nodules were suspicious whereas 65% were metastatic. Conclusion: The characterization of pulmonary nodules is essential in estimating the risk of metastasis. The nodule characteristics showed a higher capacity to exclude a metastasis than to confirm it.
