Substation technology (ST) selection has emerged as a critical decision not only for an efficient power distribution system but also for meeting the UN sustainable development goals (UNSDGs). Hence, this study aims to recommend a suitable ST by applying seven criteria to BestWorst Method (BWM) to calculate their weights and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach for choosing the best-suited technology among the Air-Insulated Substation (AIS), Gas-insulated Substation (GIS) and Hybrid Substation technologies. The analyses reveal that GIS is the most suitable substation technology in Indian contexts considering the factors of cost, flexibility, safety, reliability, energy loss, time, and simplicity. The study also offers avenues for further work
For a given graph G, the dilation problem or the grid bandwidth minimization problem (GBMP) seeks to find an embedding of the host graph G onto a guest grid graph H such that the bandwidth of the embedding over all edges is minimized. The Dilation Problem is NP-hard in general. In this paper, a reduced variable neighbourhood search (RVNS) algorithm is developed for GBMP of an l×m grid embedding. This research study has designed four construction heuristics and the best quality solution among them is used as an initial solution for the RVNS procedure. Two new neighbourhood search operators and a shaking procedure are designed to explore the search space. The test suite used for experiments consists of a subset of Harwell-Boeing graphs, grid graphs and cycles. The computational results show that the algorithm is able to achieve optimal results for grid graphs and cycles. Comparison of RVNS with existing approaches shows improvement in results for most Harwell-Boeing instances.
Metaverse has attained global attention since its announcement, and several discussions and analyses have been actively going on in the current research for the past year. The author discussed the marketing frameworks through Gamification in the Metaverse World Wide Web 3.0. Metaverse attempts to bring human connections to the Virtual World with an immersive experience. The author discussed the emerging presence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Metaverse, which could be changing the environment for user experience. Gamification offers different methods to engage the user types in environments where Marketing tries to attain and attract customers in Metaverse. With the growing expansion since the Information technology revolution, the World wide web has grown into a different version of Web 3.0, which is still evolving. The research discusses the newly imminent area in the Metaverse as Web 3.0 evolves with Artificial Intelligence.
Small IoT devices can only support light protocols since they lack significant processing or storage power. Lightweight encryption standards or techniques will be utilized for encryption and decryption to prevent hackers from accessing the data in order to increase the security of IoT devices' network connections and commands. The encryption has to be robust enough to safeguard and lightweight enough to enable light processing hardware. There aren't many standards for lightweight cryptography that are used to safeguard devices in an existing network. If the network is not secured properly, an intruder can get in and take control of the devices without making a visible appearance. A hybrid lightweight cryptographic methodology have been proposed to address this problem. LWC algorithms are designed to provide strong security while minimizing the computational and memory resources required for encryption and decryption. This is particularly important for IoT devices, which often have limited processing power, storage capacity, and battery life. LWC algorithms offer a range of benefits for IoT devices, including improved security, reduced power consumption, and increased battery life. They are also designed to be easy to implement and integrate with existing IoT platforms and protocols. Proposed system's analytical work implementation will combine Salsa20 and AES algorithms to provide greater security and making it well-suited for real-time cryptography.
Agriculture is the primary economic activity in a significant number of nations. Yet, plant-related illnesses are the most difficult obstacle for farmers to overcome. The leaf is the portion of the plant that is noticed the most, but the process of segmenting an image of a sick lesion on a leaf suffers from challenges related to uneven lighting and a crowded, complicated natural environment. The combination of colour balancing and superpixel is the foundation of the approach that has been suggested as a solution to these issues. To begin, the picture that is being read in will be converted into a color-balanced image so that the effects of uneven lighting may be removed. Second, using the superpixel operation, compact areas are produced from the modified picture. An experimentally calculated threshold is then applied to the Histogram of Gradients (HOG) and colour channels of the superpixel to separate the undesirable backdrop from the image of the leaf. In order to identify a sick or contaminated picture, K-means clustering is employed. Pyramid of HOG (PHOG), an expanded version of HOG, together with Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) characteristics are used to depict a sick infected portion of the body. In the end, many disease classifiers are evaluated against one another, and Random Forest (RF) is chosen as the best option. An experiment is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach’s accuracy using natural photographs obtained from a variety of farms, images downloaded from the internet, and the Plant-Village colour dataset. This is done so that the resilience of the method can be evaluated.
