ABSTRACT Daylighting performance in cities is shaped by surrounding urban form, yet the influence of Local Climate Zones (LCZs) on glare prediction remains largely unexamined. This study applies the LCZ framework to investigate how urban morphology affects visual comfort using spatial disturbing glare (sDG). Six LCZ types were analyzed, linking characteristic building height, density, and openness to indoor glare outcomes. For a north‐facing façade without surrounding buildings, glare levels remain stable at 5%–6% across LCZs, indicating minimal variation when no reflective context is present. When surrounding conditions are included, glare increases substantially. High‐reflective materials amplify glare by two to three times, with compact high‐rise LCZs exceeding 15%. Medium‐reflective materials moderate glare, while low‐reflective materials reduce it to 6%–8%. Compact LCZs show the strongest amplification due to close façade interactions, whereas low‐rise LCZs exhibit higher glare at lower floors from ground‐surface reflections. A key finding is the identification of a nonlinear vertical sDG pattern on north‐facing façades, where upper floors record lower glare than adjacent mid‐level floors. Overall, glare risk is shaped by LCZ‐specific morphology, surface reflectivity, and surrounding geometry rather than façade orientation alone, supporting LCZ‐informed urban design for improved visual comfort in dense environments.
ABSTRACT This article examines eight reinforced‐concrete covered markets built by S.I.D.E.C. (Société Indochinoise d'Études et de Constructions) in former French Cochinchina and Cambodia between the 1920s and 1930s. Combining archival records with field surveys, it reconstructs the company's corporate chronology and compares roof structures across the eight markets. The study identifies an on‐site precasting workflow—perforated purlins and concrete flat tiles cast on the ground and installed as individual prefabricated units—that enabled efficient, climate‐responsive assembly under local labor and equipment constraints. Through analysis of professional records submitted by S.I.D.E.C. engineers Houlon and Maurel, and technical articles by engineer Kandaouroff, the study clarifies the constructional methods used across 14 years of market construction. The markets share structural and constructional characteristics in framing and roofing, suggesting partial standardization across projects; while full dimensional interchangeability cannot be verified for all sites, the results clarify S.I.D.E.C.'s role in adapting reinforced concrete technology in colonial Southeast Asia. The study offers a technical‐history perspective that complements design‐focused research on colonial architecture.
ABSTRACT Today, the festival organizations of yamahoko‐chō are incorporated into preservation societies. The first such society was Hōkahoko, established in 1926 in Komusubidana‐chō. Hōkahoko was founded in response to workforce fluctuations caused by a rapid increase in the number of people moving in and out of the neighborhood. Its formation helped clarify property ownership in Komusubidana‐chō and facilitated the securing of financial resources. This organizational shift affected the entirety of the yamahoko‐chō and served as a model for the management of Gion Festival in the modern era.
ABSTRACT This paper proposes an impulse‐based representation of earthquake ground motions for the simultaneous optimal design of viscous and hysteretic dampers in elastic–plastic structures. The method transforms ground motions into representative impulse ground motions (RIs) using an energy‐based approach. By introducing the concept of truncated ground motion, the proposed method captures the dominant portion of the input without overestimating structural responses, ensuring response bounding. A design framework is developed where dominant RIs are used instead of multiple ground motions with common performance criteria, enabling efficient optimization. A sensitivity‐based algorithm is formulated for the simultaneous optimization of viscous and hysteretic dampers, incorporating singular value decomposition, switching of objective functions, and a correction scheme to avoid nonphysical solutions. Numerical examples using a high‐rise elastic–plastic building model demonstrate that the proposed RI‐based approach achieves accurate response estimation while significantly reducing computational effort. The optimized damper distributions satisfy prescribed performance criteria across different types of ground motions, including long‐duration and pulse‐like ground motions.
ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyze requisitioned lands and buildings in Sapporo, Japan, during the early period of the postwar occupation, by the General Headquarters. Previous studies show only names of requisitioned buildings in Sapporo. However, this paper is original in that it provides a detailed architectural analysis, including buildings those that were not requisitioned, extending the study up to the point when they were derequisitioned. The authors focuses on four primary aspects: (1) Location—business districts featuring urban infrastructure and suburban areas comprising residences and former Japanese Military facilities were requisitioned; (2) Year of construction—modern buildings constructed or renovated around the preceding 15 years were targeted; (3) Structure types—reinforced concrete buildings, well‐equipped and predominantly located in urban areas, were requisitioned, whereas wooden structures were requisitioned primarily in suburban areas; (4) Sanitation and environment—buildings equipped with flush toilets and situated in sanitary environments were preferred. Although Sapporo, as non‐war‐damaged city, possessed numerous potentially requisition able buildings, the total number requisitioned was relatively small compared to other major Japanese cities. This finding indicates that city condition of Sapporo did not fully satisfy GHQ's requisition criteria. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of postwar local cities in Japan.
