The Mars Ingenuity helicopter, a coaxial rotor aerial vehicle, is a pioneering venture into extraterrestrial flight. Rotorcraft technology plays a significant role in future mission development, as it offers advantages for specific applications, particularly in rugged terrain or confined spaces. Mars' landscape presents challenges, including unpredictable wind patterns and dust particles. To fly in the thin, predominantly carbon-dioxide-based atmosphere, rotor blades are designed for efficiency in low density environments with a large blade diameter. This work examines the aerodynamic performance of the blade configuration in a quadcopter Mars Ingenuity design using ANSYS FLUENT computational fluid dynamics. A detailed rotor blade model for CFD analysis has been developed for flow behavior around the rotor blades in Mars atmospheric conditions. Data from the Mars 2020 mission and the Mars Ingenuity Helicopter is used as a baseline. Extensive simulations are described for contour plots and flow vectors, focusing on vortex effects and performance in the Mars atmosphere. The study also addresses unsteady airflow around the rotor disk, leading to instabilities such as blade-vortex interactions and retreating blade stall. Future pathways include control aspects of the blade configuration and blade twist.
This examination numerically inspects the influences of key factors on the flow and heat transmission of a Casson fluid over a nonlinearly stretching sheet in a permeable medium, considering inconstant viscosity and a magnetic field. The boundary-layer equations were cracked applying the Runge-Kutta technique, with results confirmed by MATLAB's bvp5c solver and validated against published data. Results show that velocity rises with higher Prandtl number and the nonlinear factor of the stretching sheet but drops with higher porosity factor, Forchheimer number, Casson factor, magnetic field factor, and viscosity variation factor. Temperature declines with Prandtl number and the nonlinear factor of the stretching sheet but enlargements with other parameters. The nonlinear factor of the stretching sheet boosts skin friction and heat transmission, whereas higher porosity factor, Forchheimer number, viscosity variation factor, magnetic field factor, and Casson factor lessen them. The findings offer insight into the mutual effects of non-Newtonian performance, magnetic field, and permeable media on boundary layer flow and thermal transportation.
In this work, rectangular plate samples are designed and fabricated using four arrangements: pure epoxy with a stiffener, pure epoxy plate without a stiffener, homogeneous composite plate with 0.5% Vf and a stiffener, and homogeneous composite plate with a FGM stiffener. The mathematical model is formulated based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The free vibration test is conducted, and the signal is analyzed to obtain the free vibration characteristics. The results show that the homogeneous composite plate with 2% Vf and FGM stiffener exhibited a significant improvement in the natural frequency. However, using a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) stiffener and increasing the nano-volume fraction increases the natural frequency. Also, the plate without any filler (pure epoxy) and without a stiffener has the lowest frequencies among the composite plates employed. The discrepancy between the analytical and experimental techniques was no more than 10%.
This study investigates the free vibration behavior of porous functionally graded plates (PFGPs) within the context of nonlocal strain-gradient elasticity theory. Two different porosity distribution types are examined, and the thickness-wise variation of material properties is modeled by means of an enhanced power-law scheme. The kinematic description is formulated based on a refined higher-order shear deformation plate theory that inherently enforces zero transverse shear stresses at the plate surfaces, thus evading the usage of shear correction factors. The governing equations of motion for the nonlocal model are derived via Hamilton's principle and explained analytically to get the natural frequencies of the PFGPs. A detailed parametric analysis is performed to assess the effects of the nonlocal parameter, internal material length scale, power-law exponent, wave number, and porosity parameters on the vibrational characteristics. The validity and effectiveness of the current preparation are confirmed through comparisons with existing results obtainable in the literature.
Radiation and chemical reaction effects on the steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of Williamson nanofluid through a porous medium over a horizontally linearly stretching sheet are numerically investigated, incorporating coupled influences of melting heat transfer and nanoparticle dispersion. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved via the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK-4) method to generate reference datasets. A novel supervised machine learning framework, Feed-Forward Neural Network optimized with the Backpropagated Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm (FFNN-BLMA), is proposed, trained on 1001 data points with 70% training, 15% validation, and 15% testing splits. The FFNN-BLMA yields exceptional predictive accuracy with absolute errors ranging from 10-8 to 10-10 across velocity f '(eta), temperature theta(eta), and concentration phi(eta), profiles, validated through 10-fold cross-validation, error histograms, regression analysis, and curve superposition. Parametric studies reveal that increasing the melting parameter M enhances velocity and reduces trends consistent with prior literature. Skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers are computed to quantify engineering performance. The FFNN-BLMA outperforms traditional RK-4 and analytical methods in accuracy, convergence, and computational efficiency, establishing a robust, discretization-free paradigm extension to fractional-order systems.
