Le projet Faq2Sciences porté par l’Université Numérique Thématique Unisciel représente une banque de plusieurs milliers d’exercices en sciences naturelles, mathématiques et informatiques, alimentée par de nombreuses institutions d’enseignement supérieur. Il s’inscrit dans une logique de mutualisation des ressources éducatives libres (REL) de l’enseignement supérieur français, problématique qui a connu une recrudescence d’intérêt à l’occasion des confinements qui eurent lieu durant la pandémie de COVID-19. A travers une analyse quantitative des métadonnées associées aux exercices menée notamment au prisme de la théorie de l’échange social, nous montrons que prédominent les licences Creative Commons, alors même que l’accès plein et entier à ces ressources implique pour les institutions concernées de s’affranchir d’un abonnement annuel. Nous nous basons sur cette étude de cas pour discuter d’un paradoxe : le développement de ressources pédagogiques sur lesquelles sont apposées des licences de libre diffusion, mais qui n’en demeurent pas moins relativement difficiles d’accès dans la mesure où un paiement est demandé. Loin d’être un cas isolé en France, ce projet révèle certaines des difficultés que rencontrent les institutions qui veulent concilier impératifs économiques et idéaux des licences libres. Faq2Sciences represents an exercise database in natural sciences, mathematics, and computer science; it is designed by a consortium of French institutions of higher education. The mutualization of open educational resources (OER) at a national scale has seen a resurgence of interest during the lockdowns which took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, and discourses promoting open licenses for educational content have gained momentum. However, they are hindered by the fact that such initiatives need to be economically sustainable. In the present article, we use Faq2Sciences to illustrate this contradiction through a quantitative analysis of the metadata associated with the exercises. The fact that public institutions broadcast resources with open licenses, but ask for a fee to provide access to the database due to economic imperatives has become a growing paradox in France. As it hampers the development of a culture of open education, it needs to be addressed by the research community. Through the lens of the social exchange theory, notably, we analyze why content designers favor different types of Creative Commons licenses, while at the same time the overarching institution, Unisciel, requires a subscription to access the content.
How do learners make sense of what they are learning? In this article, I present a new framework of sense-making based on research investigating the benefits and boundaries of generative learning activities (GLAs). The generative sense-making framework distinguishes among three primary sense-making modes-explaining, visualizing, and enacting-that each serve unique and complementary cognitive functions. Specifically, the framework assumes learners mentally organize and simulate the learning material (via the visualizing and enacting modes) to facilitate their ability to generalize the learning material (via the explaining mode). I present evidence from research on GLAs illustrating how visualizations and enactments (instructor-provided and/or learner-generated) can facilitate higher quality learner explanations and subsequent learning outcomes. I also discuss several barriers to sense-making that help explain when GLAs are not effective and describe possible ways to overcome these barriers by appropriately guiding and timing GLAs. Finally, I discuss implications of the generative sense-making framework for theory and practice and provide recommendations for future research.
Micro-credentials can provide easily accessible and transparent evidence of skills or knowledge that have been certified by an authority, based on small units of learning. The recognition and transfer of credits is becoming essential, as an increasing number of students are studying at different institutions, often at the same time, online or in traditional settings. "Blockchain is a type of database that stores data in an "open, peer-to-peer (P2P) network that favors communal functionality in lieu of a centralized controlling entity" (Columbia Engineering Bootcamps, 2021, para 5). The development of blockchain (https://theconversation.com/demystifying-the-blockchain-a-basic-user-guide-60226) holds promise of becoming a useful facilitator for supporting the storage and dissemination of micro-credentials on a global scale. Besides providing effective data security and privacy, blockchain can also facilitate maintaining and disseminating credentials, while ensuring that access is readily available for students under their control. Because of its immutability, blockchain can be used to confidently attest to students' accomplishments and is therefore particularly appropriate for micro-credentials.
以ChatGPT为代表的生成式人工智能技术为人机协同学术写作带来了巨大的机遇与挑战.为进一步探索ChatGPT在人机协同学术写作方面的潜在价值及风险,尝试通过实践案例的比较来探究不同学术训练背景的研究生与ChatGPT人机协同学术写作的异同.研究发现:第一,熟悉选题的研究生在和ChatGPT协同学术写作过程中,提问比较具体,并能通过判断、追问、示范等提问方式和ChatGPT进行对话,人机协同过程不仅有收获而且相对愉悦,而不熟悉选题的研究生则相反;第二,有发表经历的研究生能够鉴别ChatGPT语言表达及写作思路上存在的问题,并对生成的内容进行选择与加工,而没有发表经历的研究生对这些问题缺少感知;第三,ChatGPT在人机协同学术写作中扮演的角色受到研究生学术训练背景的影响,总体特点是"遇强则强,遇弱则弱";第四,不同学术训练背景的研究生对ChatGPT在人机协同学术写作中的价值判断有所不同,不熟悉选题或没有发表经历的研究生从自身不足反思人机协同学术写作所需的知识与技能,更易感受到ChatGPT的冲击与威胁,而熟悉选题且有发表经历的研究生更多地思考ChatGPT内生性的技术问题对学术写作的影响.鉴于此,教育者可以鼓励学生就写作内容向ChatGPT提问与追问,分析不同提问方式对ChatGPT生成内容质量的影响;组织学生对ChatGPT生成的论文进行评价与鉴赏;让学生提供人机交互的全部过程,并鼓励研究生在此基础上展开反思.
显性直接教学是在大直接教学(大DI)、小直接教学(小di)、显性教学(EI)等直接类教学法的基础上发展起来的新型教学方法,是"教师中心"教学取向中体现"教学效率"的一面与"学生中心"教学取向中体现"主动建构"一面的双向融合,较好地体现了"双主"教学结构思想.由于学术界围绕直接类教学的争论较多,对大直接教学、小直接教学、显性教学和显性直接教学这组概念进行深入辨析,并在此基础上提炼出显性直接教学的四大核心要素,有助于研究者准确把握其核心要义.研究表明:认知建模将问题解决中隐藏的思维策略和思维过程显性化从而降低学生的外在认知负荷,支架渐隐通过逐步撤除非必要支架将学生的最近发展区不断向前推进,理解检查通过"提问-讨论-反馈"实现互动建构效果的及时确认,分层干预通过"直接教学-课内指导-课后指导"为大部分学生的学业成功提供保障.显性直接教学通过知识结构可视化帮助学困生达成知识的深度理解,通过还原问题解决中隐含的思维策略与方法促进拔尖生高阶思维发展,为平衡知识传授效率与发展学生高阶思维、兼顾学困生"双基"习得和拔尖生创新能力培养提供解决方案,从而在国家"双减"战略和"核心素养"导向教学改革的双重背景下,在课堂教学层面实现"公平有质量的教育".显性直接教学还远不是教学法螺旋式优化的终点,未来发展需要积极吸纳学习科学最新研究成果,在现代信息技术的赋能下,加速教师专业发展进程.
