Tourism is recorded in input-output tables as expenditure across industries rather than as a standalone sector, making its regional production linkages and local retention difficult to assess. This study develops an integrated diagnostic framework based on input-output tables and applies it to Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, using prefectural tables and tourism consumption data for 2015 and the pandemic-disrupted year of 2020. Each industry’s output is decomposed into Direct Tourism, Supporting Tourism, and Non-tourism components within an expanded 111-component system. A tourism-disaggregated Hypothetical Extraction Method measures tourism-induced system dependence, while a prefectural retention rate captures the share of induced production generated locally under alternative import assumptions. Tourism-induced output contracted sharply in 2020, particularly in transport and personal services. Aggregate extraction losses from Direct Tourism components were more than three times those from Supporting Tourism components in both years. Despite the contraction, the aggregate retention rate rose from 34 to 41
Producing goods and services for final demand requires technological inputs whose diffusion through the production network is not directly observable. We propose a procedure, grounded in commodity accounting, that quantifies the total technological content, including direct, indirect, and labour/consumption-induced content, embodied in each commodity available for intermediate and final demand, including exports. Unlike other procedures, ours is independent of the final-demand vector. Applied to the Spanish input–output tables for 2010 and 2020, the technological-content measurements show that belonging to manufacturing does not predict technological content and that relative positions shift over the period in favour of services. The indicator measures the diffusion of embodied technology, not its generation.
This study examines the convergence of healthcare expenditure and population health outcomes across eleven European countries from 2000 to 2019. Using the β-convergence framework and coefficient-of-variation analysis, the study investigates three health-expenditure indicators—health expenditure as a share of GDP, public health expenditure per capita, and private health expenditure per capita—and two health outcomes: life expectancy at birth and crude death rate. The full-sample results indicate evidence of convergence across several indicators. However, the regional analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity among Nordic, Baltic, and Central/Eastern European countries. The Nordic countries exhibit significant convergence in health expenditure as a share of GDP, public health expenditure per capita, and life expectancy. The Baltic countries show significant convergence across all three health-expenditure indicators but not in the health outcomes. Central/Eastern European countries exhibit significant convergence in private health expenditure and the two health outcomes, but not in health expenditure as a share of GDP or public health expenditure per capita. These findings demonstrate that convergence in healthcare expenditure does not necessarily translate into convergence in population health and that aggregate estimates may conceal important regional differences. The results suggest that healthcare expenditure alone may not ensure convergence in health outcomes, while institutional and structural mechanisms require further investigation through conditional convergence analysis.
This article assesses the impact of the digital economy on industry and the environment by comparing 15 countries (7 developed and 8 developing) over the period 2000–2021. Using the System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM), the analysis reveals contrasting results between country groups. For developed countries, a 1
Abstract As economies become increasingly globalized and production processes are increasingly offshored, it has become essential to clarify the global supply chains to which each country’s industries belong. This study examines countries’ participation in global supply chains by analyzing how domestic industrial groups form networks that connect with global production systems. The approach of this paper consists of two steps. First, while Johnson and Noguera (2012) and Timmer et al. (2013) provided foundational frameworks for global value chain (GVC) analysis, this study introduces a new theoretical approach based on Ozaki’s (1980) unit structure analysis. Earlier studies estimate value added by defining destination countries as final consumers or producers, whereas Kuroiwa (2021) integrated unit structure analysis to present an alternative estimation of total value‑added flows to destination countries. Extending this framework, the present study identifies destination countries as importers involved in subsequent production stages and represents the upstream value‑added structure as a network. Second, using this framework and following Kagawa et al. (2015), this study employs network diagrams to analyze Japan’s automobile industry and its bilateral relationships with the U.S. and China from 2002 to 2022. The results highlight China’s development of domestic industrial networks that enable active participation in GVCs.
