In this work we studied the effects of the separators’ nature and the composition of electrolyte solutions based on propylene carbonate (PC) on the initial irreversible capacity, cycling performance of Na|Ni0.33Fe0.33Mn0.33O2 (NFM) and Hard Carbon (HC)|NFM cells with practical loading of the electrodes. Parasitic cross-talk processes which develops during the initial charging of Na|NFM cells hamper the surface passivation of the electrodes and interfere badly with the cathodes’ charging processes. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) we established a crucial effect of the separators’ type on the passivation efficiency of Na metal anodes during the initial charging. We also discuss the effect of the linear carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), on the development of cross talk processes with PC-based electrolyte solutions and the composition of the surface films formed on Na metal anodes and NFM cathodes.
The voltammetric response of ethanolic extracts from leaves and seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivated using three different fertilization treatments (earthworm humus, humates, and manure) is studied. Voltammetric data under conditions of electrochemical generation of ROS revealed significant differences in the oxidative response of the extracts, attributed to variations in the composition of polyphenolic metabolites in leaves and seeds depending on the cultivation procedure. Comparison between voltammetric, ATR-FTIR, and chromatography data with physical (humidity and temperature) and biological characteristics of the soil (respiration), leads to correlating electrochemical ROS reactivity with biological activity expressed in terms of the density of arthropods. In contrast, no significant correlations were obtained with soil pH, conductivity, contents of assimilable phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic carbon, Mg2+, and K+.
The microstructure and electrochemical performance of transition metal oxide/carbon composites are critically governed by carbon content; However, its intrinsic impact on microstructural evolution and charge storage mechanisms remains to be fully elucidated. Herein, a series of Fe3O4/carbon nanotube composites with varying carbon nanotube contents were synthesized via a heterogeneous nucleation–assisted co-precipitation method. Taking Fe3O4/carbon nanotube as a model system, the intrinsic correlation between carbon nanotube content and energy storage mechanisms was systematically elucidated via electrochemical kinetic analysis (Dunn method) combined with structural characterization. The results reveal that tuning carbon nanotube content effectively optimizes the grain size and dispersion of Fe3O4/carbon nanotube, enabling rapid surface pseudocapacitive behavior and improved overall capacity. Specifically, a heterogeneous nucleation and competitive synchronous growth mechanism occurs at a 5
Loss of lithium inventory is a major, but not universal, contributor to capacity decay in lithium-based batteries. When electrode host structures remain substantially reversible, continuous solid electrolyte interphase growth, lithium trapping, dead-lithium formation, and parasitic interfacial reactions can progressively shift a cell into a lithium-deficient state. Liquid lithium-replenishing agents (LLRAs) offer a distinct route to address this failure mode by delivering a mobile lithium-bearing species through the electrolyte phase and activating it electrochemically or chemically after cell assembly. In this Review, LLRAs are defined narrowly as lithium-bearing agents that are molecularly dissolved, or become molecularly mobile, in a liquid electrolyte during delivery and activation; cathode-incorporated solid sacrificial salts, metallic-lithium prelithiation, solid lithium reservoirs, and dead-lithium rejuvenation are treated as related but distinct strategies. On this basis, we reorganize the field from active-lithium-loss diagnosis to technology taxonomy, molecular design, electrolyte/interfacial mechanisms, full-cell validation, and lifecycle management. LiSO2CF3 is analyzed as the most comprehensively validated electrolyte-borne LLRA, while solid organic lithium salts such as Li2N2C7H4O are discussed as adjacent molecular-design precedents rather than being conflated with LLRAs. Critical engineering issues include dose accuracy, limited solubility at high lithium-supply fractions, gas handling, storage stability, interactions with conventional additives, net cell-level energy-density gain, cost, and compatibility with pouch, cylindrical, and prismatic manufacturing. Finally, we propose realistic evaluation and diagnosis-guided replenishment frameworks and identify multifunctional, high-solubility, low-gas chemistries and battery-management-system-integrated delivery as key directions for translating LLRAs from proof-of-concept molecules to practical lithium-inventory-management technologies.
This review establishes that crystallographic dislocations distort cyclic voltammetry in battery electrode materials, tracing that distortion from its thermodynamic origin through its diagnostic and design consequences across silicon, olivine, spinel, and layered-oxide chemistries. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is the diagnostic workhorse of battery electrochemistry; experimentalists read peak positions, heights, and shapes as fingerprints of thermodynamic state and reaction kinetics. What the standard interpretation omits is the mechanical condition of the electrode. Crystallographic dislocations inside cathode nanoparticles generate stress fields that couple directly into the electrochemical boundary condition, and the resulting shifts and distortions in the CV response can be misread as purely chemical or kinetic phenomena. This coupling operates across material classes. Voltage hysteresis in silicon anodes, anomalous plateau formation in Mn-substituted olivines, and voltage fade in lithium-rich layered oxides are each a manifestation of the same Butler-Volmer correction in a different host. The mechanistic framework rests on the Larché-Cahn formalism, in which dislocation-induced hydrostatic stress enters the chemical potential of Li intercalation and shifts the equilibrium insertion potential. When the partial molar volume is allowed to vary with lithium content rather than held fixed, the correction produces true distortion of CV peak shape rather than a mere rigid shift. Burgers vector orientation emerges as the controlling variable: one specific orientation raises the effective Li diffusivity extracted from Randles-Ševčík analysis by a factor of 3.3, a mechanical artifact that can be mistaken for genuine transport improvement. CV peak asymmetry, when interpreted through an anisotropic dislocation mechanics inversion, can identify the dominant dislocation character in an electrode without separate structural characterization. Defect engineering, meaning the deliberate introduction of dislocations of a chosen orientation, follows as a practical design strategy, provided the critical density threshold separating beneficial stress relief from crack incubation is not exceeded.
