The extraordinary session of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR on August 24, 1991 proclaimed the independence of Ukraine and the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, the Act of Independence of Ukraine. Since then, Ukraine, as a sovereign, independent, independent State, has been creating legal relations between states, finding not only reliable partners, but also friends. One of these countries is Romania. This article examines the issue of the Agreement on Legal Assistance between Ukraine and Romania, which was signed in 2002, and implementing this act in the judicial system of Ukraine - through judicial cooperation, recognition of judicial decisions and participation of Romanian citizens in trials in Ukraine.
Local development is an integral part of the progress of a country. It directly affects the improvement of their citizens’ life. The role of the local government is to provide better services and more effective governing by bringing the government closer to its citizens and providing a better understanding of their needs. Good governance is about efficiency, democracy, and accountability, that is principles of the foundation of an independent and competent local government. The following paper takes a closer look at the multilevel government of the European Union, focusing on the importance and role of the local government. This paper points out all the aspects of cooperation between the smallest units of government of each member state and the European Union, to show the ways in which it affects and improves governance at these two levels. This paper explains the mutual role of these two levels of government (multi-level governance) and analyzes the principle of subsidiarity, the political and institutional aspects of how this cooperation was created, and what effects it brings.
Besides the numerous benefits offered by outer space, manned spaceflight has lead to some negative effects manifested by various forms of pollution when introducing terrestrial substances and materials. Considering the Rome II Regulation, Article 7 applies in cases of non-contractual obligations arising out of environmental damage or damage sustained by persons or property as a result of such damage. Giving particular emphasis on space-faring member states of the European Union and the European Space Agency in regards to the damage and/or the event giving rise to it may occur within an extraterrestrial environment, Rome II does not theoretically grasp the notion of orbital pollution due to it not being identified as an “environmental damage” in any legal source. When attempting to identify orbital pollution as an environmental damage by drawing a parallel to Rome II, two elements are analyzed: (a) specific Earth-orbits polluted with orbital debris; and (b) potential damages to persons and spacecrafts resulting from spacefaring nations’ failure to mitigate domestic orbital debris; this critical analysis, hence, examines whether Rome II does justice for extraterrestrial environmental damages and further argues that the extraterrestrial environment – along with persons and property within – is just as equally endangered as the terrestrial environment.
Plagiarism has always been a problem in the university environment as well. There is no legal definition of plagiary, plagiarism or self-plagiarism in the national, supranational (EU) law or international agreements. The definition of plagiarism and self plagiarism should be clear for academic staff and university students as well. We can conclude that the whole academic society agrees that plagiarism is a serious problem. The paper identifies the legal framework of plagiarism in the Slovak and EU law, the forms of plagiarism behind the legal framework and the problems arising from the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and proposes solutions for how to fight against plagiarism in the academic environment. The Slovak declaration confirms the fact that existing legal regulations do not reflect the whole gamut of possible instances and circumstances of unscientific, unethical, and dishonest conduct. It seems to be necessary to prepare a directive in the EU law as a repressive measure to define which research conducts is not acceptable, including the AI considered often as a new form of plagiarism. As well as the training courses for teachers and students focused on plagiarism, including the AI and the possibilities for using it in academic research would be a preventive measure for avoiding plagiarism and self plagiarism.
The emergence of several non-recognised regimes on the periphery of Europe implies a myriad of challenges in law. Despite an absence of international recognition for these regimes, they produce their own law and, at the same time, apply and enforce these laws within their territory. With regard to the application of the law, as established by these non-recognised regimes, the question of potential recognition arises. Will a driving licence, issued by the State Palestine, gain any legal effects in those States that haven’t yet recognised Palestine as an independent entity? Is a university diploma, issued by the Abkhaz State University, recognised abroad, even though a recognition of Abkhazia is absent? Can a refugee demonstrate his identity by an official document, issued by the Lugansk or Donetsk Peoples Republics? This paper aims to offer a solution to answer these topical, albeit so far virtually unexplored, questions.
