This paper investigates the diachronic development of the Ancient Greek suffix -eu- from a nominal marker into a verbalizer, focusing on the transition of -euō verbs from stative to activity/eventive meanings. Building on Distributed Morphology and the Hale Keyser/Harley framework of denominal verb formation, we argue that verbal -eu- emerged through the reanalysis of “deagentive” denominal verbs, i.e., verbs derived from agentive animate nouns. These verbs exhibit an inherent ambiguity between stative and eventive readings, which we analyze as reflecting Davidsonian state readings. Unlike Kimian states, Davidsonian states contain an event variable, making them compatible with event-related diagnostics such as manner adverbs, locative phrases, and perception verbs. This eventive potential provided the basis for a categorial shift whereby nominal -eu- was reinterpreted as an activity verbalizer. Corpus evidence from Homeric and early first-millennium BCE Greek shows that the earliest -euō verbs already patterned with Davidsonian states, suggesting that the reanalysis predates the Homeric period. We further argue that the morphosemantic properties of the suffix reflect those of its historically nominal base: the features [+animate, +agentive] of the base are transferred from the subject of the denominal verb to the verbal event itself, accounting for the animate, usually agentive subjects of early -euō verbs. This development illustrates how root-adjacent morphology can give rise to new verbalizers, reinforcing models in which the linear order of morphemes mirrors syntactic structure. It also contributes to the cross-linguistic understanding of the relationship between stativity, eventivity, and verbal derivation.
This paper examines the patterns of apparent double plural marking on the Ingush adjective -oaqqa/-oaqqii ‘big’. It presents evidence against Norris’s (2022) analysis of the non-prefixal plural marking on this adjective as concord. New data demonstrate that (a) prefixal and non-prefixal plurality may mismatch, and (b) such mismatches are disallowed in certain idiomatic contexts. The alternation -oaqqa/-oaqqii is treated as an instance of number suppletion and is analyzed as word-external contextual allomorphy. The paper discusses whether – and to what extent – the Ingush data in question can be seen as evidence against analyzing adjectival number suppletion as a concord-mediated operation.
BACKGROUND: High-performance sport represents a unique model of morphological adaptation, but systematic studies of the anthropometric profiles of national team athletes using large samples and modern sport classifications are lacking. It remains unclear how far athletes' body parameters can deviate from general population norms while maintaining high levels of performance. AIM: To characterize the anthropometric profiles of professional athletes of the Russian national teams and assess the degree of their deviation from the general population parameters to reflect the phenomenon of sports-related morphological adaptation. METHODS: A retrospective comparative study was conducted, including data from 15,157 athletes from Russian national teams who underwent in-depth medical examinations at Federal Medical and Biological Agency (FMBA) facilities between 2021 and 2025. Sports were divided into six Olympic clusters: cyclic, speed-strength, complex-coordination, combat sports, sports games, and combined events. Anthropometric parameters, body composition (bioimpedance), dynamometry, and integral body composition indices were analyzed. Statistical processing was performed in the R environment, calculating mean values, 95% confidence intervals, medians, and interquartile ranges. RESULTS: The study included 15,157 athletes (mean age 19.91 years). Significant differences were revealed between sport disciplines: maximum body weight (92.71 kg), BMI (30.38 kg/m²), skeletal muscle mass (45.72 kg) and strength indicators were recorded in speed-strength events in men; minimum ones — in complex coordination disciplines in women (body weight 56.88 kg, BMI 19.94 kg/m², body fat percentage 9.54%, skeletal muscle mass 24.99 kg). The Pigneur index ranged from -37.69 (speed-strength, men) to 24.05 (complex coordination, women). All athletes' parameters systematically differed from the NCHS/NHANES reference values: lower — for BMI, waist circumference, percentage of body fat; higher in skeletal muscle mass and strength indicators. CONCLUSION: The anthropometric profile of athletes on the Russian national teams is influenced by selection at the recruitment stage and subsequent adaptation to training loads, resulting in parameters outside the general population range. The data obtained substantiate the need to use sport-specific reference values to assess athletes' physical development.
This study examines semantic transparency in Czech denominal verbs formed by conversion and parasynthesis. It builds on research assuming that the semantic transparency of a word formed by a given process depends on the relative frequency of the semantic function instantiated by that process in comparison with its other semantic functions (the Semantic Category Distribution Effect; Gottfurcht 2008). The analysis uses a dataset of 1,079 converted verbs and 229 parasynthetic verbs, classified into ten semantic categories according to the role of the motivating noun in the verb’s meaning. The results show that the categories of action and state occur exclusively with conversion, while no converted verbs express the source category. Both processes display uneven distributions: within conversion, verbs expressing the action category are the most frequent, whereas parasynthesis is strongly biased towards the result category. In line with the Semantic Category Distribution Effect, the most transparent converted verbs are those expressing the action denoted by the base noun (e.g. bojovat ‘fight’), while in parasynthesis, resultative verbs (e.g. ovdovět ‘become a widow’) show the highest transparency. The study also examines prefixation patterns within parasynthesis. Czech employs 19 prefixes in denominal verb formation, but only three are linked to a single semantic function and thus fully transparent. The remaining prefixes are polyfunctional and unevenly distributed. A strong bias is observed for prefixes od- (removed function), z- (result), and roz- (result). Consequently, verbs like odpeckovat ‘remove pits’ are more transparent than those expressing other functions with the same prefix.
BACKGROUND: Nissl staining method, being one of the fundamental neurohistological methods, makes it possible to assess the state of neurons and neuroglia. In the light of the development of fluorescent neuroimaging methods, there is a need to develop a similar technique using fluorochromes that reproduces the capabilities of the Nissl method. AIM: to evaluate the applicability of Nuclear Yellow as a fluorescent dye for the visualization of neurons in histological sections. METHODS: The study was performed on paraffin sections (5 microns) of the brainstem of male Wistar rats (n=8). The sections were processed according to the original protocol of fluorescent staining with an aqueous solution of Nuclear Yellow (NY) — the main group — and stained using the Nissl method with cresyl violet — the comparison group. The obtained preparations were compared by types of the revealed structures, and the emission spectrum of Nuclear Yellow bound to the nervous tissue was also evaluated. RESULTS: Both the nuclear structures of the cell and the Nissl substance were clearly visualized by staining of nervous tissue sections with NY. The picture of staining with NY is similar to the Nissl staining. The maximum fluorescence for all areas of nervous tissue stained according to the original technique was observed in the range from 494 to 500 nm. CONCLUSION: Nuclear Yellow is suitable for visualization of neurons in histological sections, providing high-quality fluorescence in the blue spectral range.
