Cancer nanomedicine was built, to a remarkable extent, on the expectation that nanoparticles could exploit the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to accumulate within solid tumors. That conceptual framework shaped decades of carrier design, privileging long circulation, passive extravasation and tumor retention as the primary determinants of therapeutic success. Yet even within solid oncology the clinical relevance of EPR has proven heterogeneous and often modest, with delivery constrained by biological variability, poor perfusion, limited penetration and sequestration in off-target organs. Hematological malignancies expose the limits of this paradigm even more starkly. Leukemia is not a small, diffuse solid tumor; it is a systemic disease of circulating and bone marrow-resident malignant cells, sustained by dynamic vascular niches and protective stromal microenvironments that do not fit the geometry, transport logic or pharmacology of EPR-centered design. This Perspective argues that the next generation of nanomedicine for leukemia and related hematological malignancies must be designed without assuming passive tumor accumulation. Instead, carriers should be engineered around four disease-specific objectives: interception of circulating malignant cells, selective engagement of bone marrow niches, programmable intracellular delivery to leukemia stem and progenitor compartments, and preservation of normal hematopoiesis. Recent advances make this shift technically plausible. Antibodytargeted lipid nanoparticles have enabled intravenous RNA delivery to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vivo; CD117-targeted lipid nanoparticles have been used to modify hematopoietic stem cells with messenger RNA cargo; bone-marrow-homing lipid nanoparticles have delivered messenger RNA to at least 14 marrow cell populations, including leukemic stem cells and leukemia cells; and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell membrane-coated vesicles have shown marrow-directed cytarabine delivery in leukemic mice.The central claim is therefore not merely that leukemia needs better targeting, but that it requires a different targeting ontology. In hematological malignancies the decisive design variables are not leakiness and retention, but marrow tropism, vascular transit behavior, receptor-guided cell entry, niche modulation, drug-ratio control and system-level therapeutic index. Reframing nanomedicine in these terms has implications far beyond leukemia. It suggests a broader transition in targeted drug delivery from passive lesion accumulation toward disease-specific transport design, where materials science, chemical engineering, vascular biology, systems pharmacology and translational hematology converge to define efficacy.
Abstract Additive manufacturing of electronics has transitioned from laboratory demonstrations to practical applications, but its ability to pattern features in nanometer scale remains a critical limitation. Current printing techniques are constrained by droplet formation, spreading dynamics, substrate interaction and nozzle diameter, which limits their integration into high-density electronic systems. Meanwhile, growing demand for flexible, wearable, stretchable and low-cost electronics requires scalable, low-waste manufacturing compatible with diverse substrates. In this perspective, we examine the commonly used printing techniques and process limitations that govern resolution. We then discuss a recently demonstrated proof-of concept hybrid pathway that combines lithographic patterning with plasma-jet printing (PJP) to achieve high-resolution features. PJP is highlighted as a promising approach because plasma-assisted printing can reduce the high-temperature post-processing while improving film adhesion and conductivity and can enable in-situ surface activation and reactions. The advantages of this process are discussed in detail and key challenges related to the scalability, print uniformity, and integration with existing manufacturing methods are highlighted.
Abstract Neuromorphic computing has attracted considerable attention as an efficient approach to overcoming the limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures. For the practical hardware implementation of artificial neural networks (ANNs), device operation should extend beyond individual cells to array-level architectures, typically realized as crossbar arrays in which synaptic weights are stored as the conductance states of individual cells and directly utilized for matrix–vector multiplication (MVM). In this context, crossbar arrays serve not only as high-density integration platforms but also as core computing architectures in which stored conductance distributions are directly utilized for MVM. However, conventional electrically modulated arrays often suffer from unintended disturbances through shared interconnects during programming and erasing, thereby limiting computational reliability. As a promising alternative, optically modulated systems enable selective and parallel weight control in a non-contact manner. Realizing these advantages in practical computing, however, requires optical learning to be implemented at the array level. In this Perspective, we review optically programmable crossbar arrays from the perspective of array-level ANN implementation. We first discuss the key mechanisms governing optical programming and erasing, and then examine the major requirements for array-level optical learning, including update uniformity, reliability, and efficiency. Finally, we highlight current progress, remaining challenges, and future perspectives toward the realization of optically programmable crossbar array-based ANN hardware.
Abstract The roadmap focusses on the current state of the art of three key reactions for sustainable energy transformation, water electrolysis for hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction for electrofuel production, and nitrogen reduction for ammonia production. Each technique is covered in separate chapters as detailed in the outline below. Each chapter is meant to update the reader in a short and concise way about the current state-of the art, the most significant challenges, and the trends and ideas lying ahead as solutions. We foresee a road map paper which will be of high interest for readers involved In current green technologies.
Abstract Plasmonic nanostructures manipulate light at dimensions much smaller than wavelength, leading to strong electromagnetic field confinement, enhanced light absorption and efficient photocarrier generation. This makes them promising components for future solar energy conversion systems. This Roadmap surveys recent advances and future directions in the application of plasmonic principles to solar energy technologies across nine topical areas. Key themes include the plasmonic enhancement of light harvesting in perovskite solar cells; thermoplasmonic conversion of solar photons into localized heat for chemical transformation; and plasmonic photocatalysis for selective CO 2 reduction and hydrogen evolution. The collection also covers hybrid and ternary plasmonic–semiconductor– metal-organic framework architectures, S-scheme chalcogenides for water splitting, mechanistic studies of non-thermal and hot-carrier processes, and advanced electromagnetic and quantum–mechanical modelling of nanoplasmonic systems. Together, these contributions delineate the current state of plasmonic solar energy research and current and future challenges. Throughout the roadmap enhancements are attributed to solar-excited plasmonic mechanisms (hot-carrier transfer, photothermal effects, near-field enhancements, etc). However, the contribution of each mechanism to enhancement is not well understood or easily quantifiable. A key challenge, therefore, is to fully quantify the contribution of each plasmonic mechanism, using both experimental techniques and material modelling, to enable the optimized design of plasmonic platforms. Further challenges relate to the chemical stability of the metals currently used as plasmonic materials, and their high cost. The use of non-metal shells around metal nanoparticles is seen as a promising way to overcome stability issues, while conductive transition metal nitrides are identified as attractive low-cost, chemically stable alternatives to noble metals in the visual- near-infrared spectrum. Finally, scalable nanofabrication techniques are required to produce efficient, durable, and economically viable plasmonic platforms for sustainable solar fuel and power generation.
