Graphene-like two-dimensional material sensors are rapidly advancing toward intelligence and sustainability. This article reviews the latest progress in external field regulation and green manufacturing processes, with a focus on their synergistic integration pathways. In terms of external field regulation, photoelectric synergy lowers the NO2 detection limit to 10 ppb and shortens the humidity response time to 1 s; electrical regulation enables mid-infrared polarimeters and high-sensitivity plasmonic sensing; magnetic regulation endows germanene and silicene with tunable magneto-optical responses. In terms of green manufacturing, strategies such as using cork, silk fibroin, Cyrene solvent, and electrochemical exfoliation achieve low-energy, pollution-free fabrication, which have been successfully applied to glucose, pressure, and gas sensing. However, current research on these two major directions remains independent, facing challenges such as low electrical conductivity of green materials, random defects, energy compensation by external fields, and poor batch-to-batch consistency. In the future, it is necessary to establish a closed-loop “process–material–performance” design, develop controllable defect engineering and low-power regulation modes, advance multi-material heterointegration and sensing–memory–computing integration, and ultimately realize high-performance, scalable, and environmentally friendly intelligent sensing systems.
Skin cancers, including melanoma and non-melanoma subtypes, remain a significant global health challenge since current treatment approaches including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, all cause systemic toxicity and lack specificity. In this context, the combination of tissue engineering and nanotechnology has emerged as a versatile solution, offering targeted drug delivery, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and reduced side effects. This review explores the latest advancements in nanomedicine for post-surgery skin cancer wound healing, focusing on various nanocarriers, including metallic nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g., gold, silver), polymeric NPs (e.g., chitosan), and bioactive glasses. These nanoplatforms enhance drug bioavailability, facilitate controlled release, and enable precise tumor targeting while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of encapsulating NPs within various nanocomposites (such as injectable hydrogels and electrospun nanofibers) in tumor eradication and skin regeneration, underlining their potential in photothermal therapy, photo/chemodynamic therapy, and wound healing. Despite promising results, challenges such as scalability, long-term safety, and personalized treatment strategies still remain. Future research should focus on optimizing NP design, integrating multifunctional systems, and advancing clinical applications to reationize skin cancer therapy and improve patient outcomes.
This study presents a hierarchically structured biodegradable superhydrophobic polylactic acid (PLA)/fumed silica (FS) nanofibrous membrane for anti-wetting air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD). Unlike biodegradable membrane studies that primarily rely on post-fabrication surface modification, hydrophobic FS nanoparticles were directly incorporated into the PLA spinning solution through a one-step electrospinning process, enabling intrinsic control of fiber morphology, pore structure, surface roughness, and wettability throughout the membrane matrix. Subsequent post-heat treatment reinforced inter-fiber bonding while preserving the porous architecture for vapor transport. FS incorporation reduced fiber diameter from 810 to 627 nm and pore size from 1.37 to 0.70 µm, promoting a rough surface favoring the Cassie–Baxter wetting state. The optimized membrane (S4, 7 wt% FS) exhibited a water contact angle of 154°, liquid entry pressure of 38 kPa, elastic modulus of 166 MPa, and enhanced thermal stability with an onset degradation temperature of 330 °C. Through comprehensive characterization techniques such as FE-SEM, AFM, gloss analysis, air permeability, nanoindentation, and mechanical testing, significant enhancements in membrane integrity and anti-wetting properties were observed. Nanoindentation results indicated improvements in both hardness and modulus compared to the original PLA membranes. During AGMD desalination, the optimized membrane consistently achieved a permeate flux of 3.1 kg/m2 h, with salt rejection rates surpassing 99 % for a 3.5 wt% NaCl feed solution. The enhanced performance was attributed to synergistic effects of hierarchical roughness, pore regulation, mechanical reinforcement, and improved wetting resistance. These findings demonstrate a sustainable strategy for developing high-performance biodegradable membranes as alternatives to petroleum-derived MD materials.
Carbon nanotubes have attracted significant attention for their potential to enhance concrete performance. This study investigates the mechanical behaviour, energy evolution, acoustic emission characteristics, and failure modes of carbon nanotube concrete under varying multi-walled carbon nanotube contents and confining pressures using a triaxial compression system integrated with AE monitoring. The results indicate that nanotube incorporation significantly modifies both mechanical properties and failure behaviour. The compressive strength reaches a maximum at 0.1 wt%, representing an increase of up to 19 % compared with plain concrete. With increasing confining pressure, the material transitions from brittle splitting failure to ductile shear failure, accompanied by enhanced elastic strain energy storage capacity. At a confining pressure of 20 MPa, the elastic strain energy density of the 0.5 wt% group is approximately four times that at 5 MPa. Acoustic emission analysis shows that under low confining pressure, AE activity is concentrated in the compaction stage, reflecting pore closure and microcrack initiation. In contrast, under high confining pressure, AE signals are mainly concentrated in the post-peak stage, corresponding to rapid macro-fracture development.
With rapid social and economic development, increasing attention has been paid to energy conservation, environmental protection, and human health. To meet these demands, the efficient application of emerging metal/covalent-organic frameworks (MOFs/COFs) have attracted considerable attention due to their unique structures and excellent properties. This paper systematically reviews the latest progress of MOF/COF materials in four typical fields: catalytic, tribology, biomedicine and wastewater treatment. It first briefly introduces their structures and synthesis, then focuses on their applications in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis for environmental protection and sustainable energy. In addition, MOFs/COFs can effectively reduce friction and wear as lubricating coatings or nano-additives. As nanodrug delivery systems, they play a key role in cancer therapy. In the wastewater treatment, their adsorption mechanisms and selective removal behaviors toward heavy metal ions and organic pollutants are systematically analyzed. Finally, the main conclusions are summarized, and the challenges and future prospects are discussed.
