Since the radiation effect manifest itself in association with other macroscopic phenomena (temperature, voltage, noise), the central topic examined in this paper is the influence of the dose of gamma radiation on macroscopic characteristics, i. e. on the ideality factor. The physical phenomena under consideration are complex because, in addition to high-energy gamma radiation, there is also a 1/f noise of low-energy radiation. In addition, in the semiconductor detector of electromagnetic radiation, all the microscopic effects characteristic of the behavior of the diode structure in the synergy of high-energy and low-energy radiation field come to the fore. Since all the effects that occur are of a stochastic nature, their influence on the macroscopic properties of the detector is expressed by the ideality factor. In the paper, stochastic phenomena of microscop discharges in a semiconductor (p-n) detector are connected with macroscopic phenomena, as well as the possibility of their statistical correlation.
As a core component for monitoring neutron flux in reactor cores, self-powered neutron detectors are widely used in various types of reactors due to their compact size, robust structure, and no need for an external power supply. The reliability of their performance is directly related to the safe operation of reactors. In view of the lack of systematic coverage of full-life-cycle testing for self-powered neutron detectors in current standards, this paper aims to establish a multi-dimensional collaborative verification system and a standardized process spanning from component preparation to final factory acceptance. This system includes material and structural integrity testing (material composition, geometric dimensions, surface integrity, internal integrity), extreme environment adaptability testing (impregnation, normal-temperature pressure resistance, high temperature, vibration, impact, drop, humidity), and key performance testing (insulation resistance under low and high temperatures, frequency response analysis of distributed capacitance). Investigating the methods and standard requirements for each testing phase provides a basis for the research and development, production, storage, use, and maintenance of self-powered neutron detectors.
Elastic scattering of deuteron and 6H projectiles from a $ ^{64}\mathrm{Zn} $ target at incident energies between 10 MeV and 40 MeV has been investigated using three complementary approaches. Semi-microscopic and fully microscopic calculations based on the Sao Paulo potential were employed alongside the crystal model framework and the continuum discretized coupled channels method. The analysis focused on determining critical interaction and strong absorption distances and evaluating fusion cross sections. The extracted critical distances for $ ^{6}\mathrm{He} $ support its halo nature when compared with deuteron results. Furthermore, the normalization factor obtained within the fully microscopic approach helps resolve discrepancies reported in the literature. The crystal model, despite being characterized by only two parameters, demonstrated good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data, validating its effectiveness as a real potential description.
A gamma irradiation system-based reference radiation field utilizing a $ ^{137}\mathrm{Cs} $ source has been established at the Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences to provide accredited calibration and reference radiation fields in accordance with ISO 4037-1:2019. The system was designed using Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP 6.2) to develop a conical collimator. Its performance was evaluated through a series of tests, including air kerma measurements, beam uniformity assessments, reproducibility tests, and analysis of scattered radiation contributions. The effective beam radius and beam profiles were characterized using ionization chambers and Gafchromic film, demonstrating strong agreement with simulation data. Air kerma rates were evaluated from 100 cm to 500 cm with two $ ^{137}\mathrm{Cs} $ sources (18.5 GBq and 370 GBq). Calibration equations were subsequently derived from these measurements. A reference air kerma rate of 3 $ mGyh ^{-1} $ was achieved at a distance of 2.568 m. The calibration coefficient was validated through a measurement audit conducted with the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, yielding an En-value of 0.08, indicating the system's high reliability and traceability. This study demonstrates that the established $ ^{137}\mathrm{Cs} $ irradiation system meets the relevant requirements of ISO 4037 for reference radiation fields and provides a reliable platform for calibrating and evaluating the performance of radiation protection instruments, including survey meters and personal dosimeters.
Small modular reactors are increasingly considered a solution for emerging energy demands in metropolitan areas, industrial zones, and data centres, owing to their rapid deployment and operational reliability. This study assesses the operational training capabilities of the IAEA's integral pressurized water reactors small modular reactors simulator, an educational platform distinguished by its user-friendly interface, low computational demands, and comprehensive parameterization options. A series of simulations was conducted to investigate small modular reactors behaviour under different operating modes and malfunction scenarios. Simulated load maneuvers in turbine-leading and reactor-leading modes demonstrate that power response depends on the control strategy, underscoring the need to adjust boron concentration during significant load changes. The analysis further underscores the constraints imposed by $ ^{135}\mathrm{Xe} $ poisoning on reactor restart capability. Simulation results show that partial and total loss of forced circulation are fully manageable due to the inherent characteristics of the reactor design. Finally, in severe scenarios such as station blackout and steam generator tube rupture, the activation of passive safety systems safe reactor shutdown.
