Grimolobium glandulosum (L.) A.N. Egan C.H. Stirt. (Fabaceae; syn. Otholobium glandulosum (L.) J.W. Grimes, Psoralea glandulosa L.), known as culén, is a resinous shrub native to the Andes of Peru, Bolivia and Chile. It is one of the richest known plant sources of bakuchiol-type meroterpenoids, in which bakuchiol reaches higher reported relative abundance than those reported from Cullen corylifolium seed. This review synthesises the phytochemistry, synthetic chemistry and pharmacology of the species and separates evidence obtained from the plant itself from data extrapolated from the more extensively studied C. corylifolium. Its chemical profile is dominated by bakuchiol (1), which accounts for roughly 85
Histamine, a biogenic amine extensively characterized in animals for its roles in immunity, neurotransmission, and physiological regulation, was first reported in plants in 1948. Despite decades of study, its functions in the plant kingdom remain poorly understood, representing an emerging research frontier. Its presence has now been confirmed across diverse species, tissues, and developmental stages. Fluorescence-based histochemical analyses indicate the possible presence of histamine in nuclei, vacuoles, and chloroplasts, suggesting potential roles in intracellular signaling. In plants, histamine is synthesized via L-histidine decarboxylase and catabolized predominantly by diamine oxidase, with alternative pathways such as methylation and acetylation contributing to derivative formation. Exogenous histamine studies and tissue-specific quantifications indicate its involvement in seed germination, root and shoot elongation, pollen tube growth, and biomass accumulation. Levels fluctuate under abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, and ozone exposure, highlighting a possible role in stress perception and tolerance. While its antioxidant effects remain inconclusive, limited inhibition of lipid peroxidation has been reported. Methodological considerations—including fluorescence cross-reactivity, tissue handling, derivatization, and HPLC variability—necessitate careful interpretation. This review consolidates current knowledge on histamine occurrence, metabolism, and physiological roles, while identifying major knowledge gaps: the localization of biosynthesis, the identity of putative receptors, mechanistic pathways, and the functional significance of histamine derivatives. By integrating histochemical, biochemical, and physiological evidence, this work provides a conceptual foundation for future investigations aimed at elucidating the ecological and regulatory relevance of histamine in plants.
Class III plant peroxidases are ancient heme-containing enzymes that mediate diverse redox reactions at the cell wall–apoplast interface. Recent structural and molecular discoveries have reshaped the current view of how their catalytic chemistry links to broader plant physiology. This review integrates current knowledge on the structure, reaction mechanism, and substrate versatility of Class III peroxidases, and outlines how this catalytic diversity contributes to growth control, hormone cross-talk, redox balance, and stress adaptation. Recent studies have reconceptualized apoplastic ROS as precisely regulated signalling mediators rather than simple toxic by-products, and have clarified how peroxidase-derived ROS influences growth–defense transitions. Finally, emerging translational directions are discussed, including green biocatalysis for pollutant remediation, peroxidase-based biosensors, and advances in nanobiotechnology and enzyme engineering. Overall, this review connects biochemical mechanism, physiological function, and biotechnological potential within a unified framework.
Within pteridophytes, P. multifida has gained attention due to its long history of medicinal uses throughout Asia, particularly China, Korea, and India. Extracts of the plant have demonstrated antiviral effects against influenza viruses, antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, cytotoxic potential against several cancer cell lines, liver-protective effects in toxin-induced animal models, and free-radical scavenging capacity in oxidative stress modulation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the biocomponents of P. multifida, integrating ethnopharmacological perspectives to elucidate their therapeutic potential and directions for future research towards translational applications. A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, CNKI, and SpringerLink. Out of 870 total records screened, 116 studies, belonging to ethnobotanical and ecological characteristics, phytochemical isolation and structural characterization, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological assessments, traditional medicinal applications and toxicological profiles, were included in this study. The structurally diverse array of 60 secondary metabolites, including pterosins, ent-kaurane diterpenoids, flavonoid glycosides (apigenin, luteolin), and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in P. multifida, was screened. The traditional medicinal uses of P. multifida for conditions such as hepatitis, dysentery, fever, and wound healing were explored by mechanistic evidences involving NF-κB inhibition, Nrf2/ARE activation, and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. While the plant shows strong therapeutic promise, gaps in standardized extraction, toxicological evaluation, pharmacokinetic characterization, clinical validation, and bioavailability studies persist. Therefore, systematic research bridging its rich ethnomedicinal heritage with modern drug discovery through omics-based mechanistic studies, nanoformulation strategies, standardized GMP protocols, and rigorous clinical trials is essential to realize its full pharmaceutical potential for translational development.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by immune dysregulation, epidermal barrier impairment, microbial dysbiosis, and oxidative stress. Current therapies, including corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and biologic drugs, are often effective but limited by side effects, high costs, and the need for long-term administration. These drawbacks highlight the need for safer, innovative, multi-targeted alternatives. Olive pomace, a by-product of olive oil production, retains a chemically diverse phenolic fraction dominated by phenylethanoids and secoiridoids. This Review critically integrates evidence concerning olive pomace extracts, chemically related olive by-products, and phenolics abundant in olive pomace in relation to AD-relevant mechanisms. Their potential relevance to canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is also considered within a One Health framework. Hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, tyrosol, and verbascoside emerge as the most recurrent compounds, and experimental evidence shows that these phenolics can modulate Th2-driven inflammation, inhibit NF-κB signaling, and stabilize mast cells. In keratinocytes and fibroblasts, they enhance proliferation, support differentiation, and increase the expression of barrier proteins like filaggrin and claudin-1. Antimicrobial effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, include growth inhibition, biofilm disruption, and toxin neutralization. Their strong antioxidant activity further protects against oxidative stress, supporting barrier recovery and inflammation control. However, direct evidence for olive pomace extracts in AD remains scarce, extract composition varies significantly with raw material and extraction conditions, and clinical evidence is currently limited to exploratory formulations containing individual olive phenolics. Translation therefore depends on standardized chemical characterization, formulation stability, relevant preclinical models, and controlled clinical evaluation. Olive pomace phenolics are promising dermo-pharmaceutical candidates for sustainable, steroid-sparing strategies in AD management and may also have relevance to cAD, although their therapeutic value in either condition remains to be established.
