Background/Objectives: Health misinformation on social media is a growing public health concern, yet less is known about whom the public holds primarily responsible for reducing it. This study examined sociodemographic differences in U.S. adults’ perceived responsibility for reducing health misinformation on social media. Methods: This cross-sectional study used nationally representative data from the Health Information National Trends Survey 6 (HINTS 6, 2022). Respondents were asked who has the main responsibility for reducing false or misleading health information on social media. Descriptive analyses reported unweighted counts and weighted percentages. Survey-weighted multinomial logistic regression with jackknife replicate variance estimation was used to examine associations with age, sex assigned at birth, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, full-time work status, and household income, and design-adjusted Wald tests assessed the overall association of each characteristic. Results: Among 6252 respondents, the largest weighted proportion attributed responsibility to social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, or YouTube (31.40%), followed by individual social media users (18.55%), the government (15.87%), medical providers and health care systems (13.79%), the news media (12.60%), and other sources (3.97%). In the adjusted model (n = 5306), age (p = 0.032) and education (p = 0.014) were associated with perceived responsibility overall. Compared with adults aged 65 years or older, adults aged 18–34 years had lower odds of naming platforms (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41–0.85), the government (AOR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35–0.93), the news media (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26–0.87), and medical providers and health care systems (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.19–0.52) rather than individual users, and adults aged 35–49 years showed a similar pattern. Adults with less than a high school education had higher odds than college graduates of selecting the government (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.45–6.76), the news media (AOR = 3.24, 95% CI: 1.15–9.14), and platforms (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.03–4.38). In sensitivity analyses, the direction of the main age and education estimates was broadly consistent; however, the overall age association was not statistically significant with an alternative age classification (p = 0.321) or among social media users only (p = 0.071). Conclusions: Perceived responsibility for reducing health misinformation on social media differs mainly by age and education, although statistical evidence for the age association depended on the age classification and the population analyzed. As a policy implication, the findings support a shared-responsibility approach involving platforms, public health agencies, health care systems, news media, and users; whether tailoring interventions to these sociodemographic differences improves their effectiveness should be tested in future studies.
Mental illness constitutes a substantial and growing share of Nepal’s disease burden, yet it remains marked by silence, stigma, and systemic neglect. This qualitative study examined how mental health stigma is experienced and negotiated in selected communities in Bara and Parsa districts, Madhesh Province. Drawing on Goffman, Link, and Phelan, Foucault, feminist theory, and intersectionality, the analysis conceptualises stigma as a relational and structural process shaped by caste, gender, poverty, and migration. Data were generated through 40 semi-structured interviews and three focus group discussions involving 30 participants. The findings show that household silence can protect family reputation and marriage prospects while delaying disclosure, help-seeking, and support. Derogatory labels such as “pagal” reinforce exclusion, while women experience intersecting burdens as people living with distress and as caregivers. Youth accounts reveal tension between growing mental health awareness and persistent social sanctions. Participants further indicated a local gap between national mental health commitments and available services. Rather than estimating prevalence, the study identifies the mechanisms that produce, negotiate, and resist stigma and silence. Moreover, it conceptualises silence as a protective yet stigma-reproducing social practice and identifies context-sensitive implications for primary care, schools, caregivers, and community-led anti-stigma initiatives.
The historical-materialist tradition transformed Disability Studies by locating disability within social relations rather than individual pathology. Subsequent developments in Critical Disability Studies have expanded this analysis through greater attention to embodiment, intersecting inequalities, colonialism, and global difference, while also exposing limitations in earlier materialist formulations. This article argues that these developments provide grounds not for abandoning historical materialism but for reconstructing it. The analysis situates disablement within world-system stratification, hierarchies of humanity, and material relations of production and social reproduction, while examining institutions as mechanisms through which these structural relations are organised in everyday life. The resulting framework seeks to renew historical-materialist analysis within contemporary Critical Disability Studies.
This paper examines how work autonomy is related to fertility and labour-supply behaviour and whether these relationships differ between women and men. Using individual-level data from the European Social Survey collected in 2018–2019, with a supplementary analysis of the 2006–2007 survey, we relate the number of biological children, weekly working hours, and overtime to respondents’ control over how their daily work is organised. The analysis allows these relationships to vary across levels of autonomy and between genders, controlling for observed socioeconomic characteristics and country differences. Overtime is examined through separate models of whether respondents work overtime and the hours worked among those who do. The main fertility estimates display a nonlinear association: the fitted number of children initially declines and then rises with autonomy. This pattern is less clear in the sample aged 25–49 and in the earlier survey. In the main survey, the relationship between work autonomy and the number of children differs between women and men. Total weekly working hours show weaker patterns, whereas overtime hours display nonlinearity among respondents working overtime. Because the data are cross-sectional and current work conditions may not reflect those prevailing when earlier fertility decisions were made, the results should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects.
In immigrant households, academic success can represent a path toward upward mobility. For families whose socioeconomic standing are lower, achievement is especially salient, which can result in high expectations that follow immigrant youth. This research explores how academic expectations influence the psychological well-being outcomes of children. Drawing on a cross-sectional analysis from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent Supplement (NSAL-A), this research examines if expectations of educational attainment and academic success contribute to a worsening of the psychological well-being of Black immigrant youth with Caribbean ancestry. Grounded in the stress process perspective—particularly Turner’s iteration of the Pearlin model—the study investigates the role social and personal resources play in mediating and/or moderating the relationship between academic expectations and depressive symptomatology. Other important frameworks referenced and used in this research include the status attainment model and Andersen’s health care utilization framework. Findings suggest that increased expectations are protective against depressive symptomatology, and that social and personal resources both mediate and moderate the relationship between stress and psychological well-being.
