This paper examines the relationship between perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) and intention to leave the organization through a cross-cultural comparison between France and Morocco. It also explores the roles of CSR sensitivity and CSR information sharing as antecedents, and of person-organization fit (PO-fit) as a mediator of the relationship under study. Two cross-sectional samples were collected: French (n = 243) and Moroccan (n = 234). Invariance and structural equation modeling path analyses were conducted to test the hypothesized model. Results reveal partial scalar (mean) invariance across the measurement scales, indicating similar structures between France and Morocco. Path analyses support the proposed model and highlight differences between the samples. A negative relationship between perceived CSR and intention to leave the organization is mediated by PO-fit. This cross-cultural study advances micro-CSR by integrating CSR sensitivity and CSR information sharing into a unified model of their joint and distinct effects on perceived CSR, PO-fit, and turnover, extending signaling theory by positioning sensitivity as a boundary condition. Findings showed that organizations must adopt practices that align with the country's cultural reality. Nevertheless, cross-cultural training is essential for multinational organizations operating in France and Morocco. However, the survey was not multilevel or longitudinal, which limits the ability to generalize the results to other countries. This study highlights the mediating role of PO-fit in the relationship between CSR perception and turnover intention, determined by CSR sensitivity and information sharing. It offers a new direction to research on micro-CSR and its cross-cultural dimensions.
Loneliness is a growing concern in contemporary societies, particularly in urban environments, where social dynamics are rapidly evolving. Existing measures may not fully capture the complexity of loneliness in the context of ongoing technological and social changes. This study introduces the Madrid Loneliness Questionnaire (MLQ), a new instrument designed to assess loneliness in adults within modern sociocultural contexts. A sample of 1,526 adults (77.1% women; 18-87 years) participated in the study. The sample was randomly divided for structural validation: one subsample underwent exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n = 623) and the other confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n = 903). Measurement invariance across gender and age was examined using multigroup CFA. Convergent validity was assessed through correlations with self-esteem and perceived stress. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. EFA and CFA supported a three-factor structure with excellent fit indices (Comparative Fit Index = 0.998; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.997; RMSEA = 0.019; SRMR = 0.05): Social Skills, Partner Relationships, and Emotional Isolation. Multigroup CFA confirmed scalar invariance across gender and age. Significant gender differences were found in Social Skills (higher in men) and Partner Relationships (higher in women). The oldest age group (>65 years) scored higher on Partner Relationships than younger groups. The MLQ and its subscales showed moderate to strong negative correlations with self-esteem (rho = -.36 to -.63) and positive correlations with perceived stress (rho = .25 to .49). The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = .93, ω = .92). The MLQ is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing loneliness in adults, enabling tailored interventions by serving as a basis for public health policies.
This study explores age-related differences in conformity to masculine norms between two distinct groups-emerging adults (26 and younger) and older adults (over 26)-using the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-29). The total sample consisted of 837 male participants (100%), aged between 18 and 64 years. Group distributions were as follows: emerging adults (≤ 26 years; n = 439, M = 22.42, SD = 2.16) and older adults (> 26 years; n = 398, M = 39.54, SD = 10.33). The research examined the factorial structure of the CMNI-29 in a Spanish sample, accumulated evidence of its internal validity, and tested its measurement invariance across both age groups. A novel methodological approach was applied, combining Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Multiple Indicators, Multiple Causes (MIMIC) models to assess changes in measurement due to the transition to adulthood. The theoretical structure was confirmed by EGA and CFA, showing scalar invariance across groups. Furthermore, significant differences in latent means were observed, with the older group reporting lower adherence to norms, particularly in winning, risk-taking, violence, self-reliance, and heterosexual self-presentation. These findings suggest that masculinity ideologies differ between emerging and older adulthood, reflecting shifts in life priorities and social expectations.
First impressions are crucial in inferring personality traits and play a significant role in leadership selection. Research in Western societies shows that voters tend to prefer leaders whose facial features align with the situational context, dominant faces in conflict scenarios, and less dominant ones in cooperative settings. Limited political knowledge increases reliance on facial cues, a phenomenon also observed in children, who often demonstrate high consensus and predictive accuracy. This study examines whether, in cooperative contexts, a less dominant facial appearance predicts electoral success among voters with low political knowledge. A sample of children aged 9 to 12 was used to test the hypothesis that lower facial dominance is positively correlated with being chosen as a leader. Results confirmed the hypothesis: Children preferred candidates with less dominant features in a cooperative context, supporting the influence of appearance in leadership judgments. Furthermore, children and adults showed consistent criteria in identifying facial dominance, clearly distinguishing between dominant and nondominant faces. These findings validate the role of facial appearance as a heuristic in leader selection, particularly among naïve populations. They also confirm that contextual factors influence the impact of facial traits on social decision-making, underscoring the effect of appearance in shaping political and leadership preferences.
This study examines the interaction between desire for control and superstition in shaping learning outcomes among secondary school students, integrating Compensatory Control Theory. We conceptually distinguish desire for control-a dispositional motivation to act as a causal agent-from the need for control-a universal drive for order and predictability that can be satisfied through indirect mechanisms-drawing on the frameworks of Seligman (1975), Kay et al. (2009), and Ligneul (2021). Two studies were conducted in Spain. Study 1 (cross-sectional) showed that students with high desire for control outperformed those with low desire on a reinforcement-based computerized learning task. Study 2 employed a 2×2 factorial design, manipulating superstition through a fabricated documentary about crystal skulls. Results revealed a significant interaction: superstition improved learning among students with low desire for control while slightly reducing performance among those with high desire. These findings suggest that superstition may operate as a compensatory mechanism that satisfies the need for control among individuals with low motivation to exert it directly; however, it may be detrimental for those who prefer action-oriented strategies. Implications include tailoring environments to motivational profiles, exercising caution regarding the indiscriminate use of superstition due to its potential to reduce autonomy, and promoting consolidated cultural systems that act as legitimized guides for behavior.
