This study establishes a rapid, non-destructive numerical framework for the macromolecular characterization of petroleum systems using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. By algebraically transforming raw spectral parameters into normalized Organic Absorbance Factor (OAF) indices within a closed stoichiometric matrix, this protocol systematically quantifies the relative integrated areas of aliphatic C–H, skeletal aromatic C = C, and oxygenated carbonyl C = O functional group domains. A geographically diverse calibration suite of twenty-eight organic samples, assembled from major petroleum-producing provinces worldwide and comprising fifteen global crude oils and thirteen solid kerogen isolates, was processed via baseline-stabilized co-added spectral scans. The multi-variable coordinate cross-plots of the Aliphatic Index (OAFH) versus the Oxygenated Index (OAFO) separate the global fluid petroleum phase into discrete clusters corresponding to Terrestrial Oxic, Marine–Terrestrial Dysoxic, and Carbonate Marine Anoxic organofacies. Specific molecular anomalies in high-sulfur reference fluid phases are identified through baseline-corrected functional group variations linked to heteroatom-rich polar fractions, maintaining analytical rigor without relying on fingerprint regions susceptible to mineral matrix scattering artifacts. Furthermore, within the solid geopolymeric isolate subset, ordinary least-squares linear regression establishes a statistically significant inverse linear relationship between the spectroscopic Aliphatic Index (OAFH) and the laboratory-verified pyrolytic Hydrogen Index (HI). Incorporating the Shangfuchi (SFC) reference standard via the mean OAFH value of 0.4058 derived from eleven independent replicate measurements yields an initial regression model with an R² value of 0.4772 (n = 10, p < 0.05). Conversely, the selective exclusion of the SFC sample as an extreme compositional anomaly resolves a moderate inverse linear trajectory across the principal non-SFC kerogen cohort that remains significant at the 99
Healthcare facilities in piedmont transition zones can be exposed simultaneously to slope instability, hillslope runoff, local waterlogging, access disruption, and lifeline failures during extreme rainfall. This study examines a specialized kidney hospital in Beijing and develops a site-scale framework linking baseline geohazard screening, field verification of protective works, functional vulnerability, and emergency planning. Baseline hazard was screened using an equal-weight (25
A single parameter α >>1 is introduced to the Modified Continuity Equation (MCE). The eigenvalues derived from the linearized equations show this modification significantly slows and damps acoustic waves, while neither altering the equation of state nor affecting the amplification or propagation speed of internal gravity waves. The MCE preserves the realistic property of gravity waves while relaxes time-step constraints imposed by acoustic waves, where the speed reduced to 1/ √(α) of that in the unmodified acoustic waves.
The Matsu Archipelago is a coastal marine system heavily influenced by freshwater discharge from the Minjiang River, which is often intensified by episodic typhoons. To understand how such extreme weather event restructure estuarine plankton communities, we conducted high-frequency day–night sampling for nine consecutive days at Nangan Island, Matsu Archipelago, following Typhoon Danas in July 2025. Initial post-typhoon conditions were characterized by low salinity ( 24.5 PSU) followed by subsequent sharp rebound and stabilization ( 32 PSU), thus we defined two distinct phases: a rain-affected “Disturbed period” and a post-rain “Stable period”. During the early Disturbed period, the pioneer taxon Noctiluca scintillans briefly appeared, followed by a transient bloom of the opportunistic dinoflagellate Alexandrium that coincided with the rapid salinity surge between the two periods. After the system transitioned into the Stable period, an exponential diatom bloom dominated by Chaetoceros developed, triggering a rapid increase in copepod abundance. These results demonstrate a rainfall-driven succession from disturbance-associated pioneer and opportunistic assemblages to a stabilized, diatom-dominated community and subsequent grazer response. This pattern reflects recovery toward a typical nutrient-rich and highly productive estuarine ecosystem. By resolving these short-lived transitions, our study highlights the critical role of high-frequency, event-scale observations in capturing transient ecological processes and advancing our understanding of trophic dynamics and ecosystem responses in river-influenced coastal systems.
Abstract The TRITON satellite, developed by the Taiwan Space Agency (TASA) and launched in October 2023, is equipped with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reflectometry receiver and operates in a high-inclination orbit. The ocean surface wind speed (OSW) is retrieved from GNSS signals reflected off the ocean surface. This study examines the impact of assimilating TRITON OSW in addition to radar observations on convective-scale precipitation forecasts, focusing on a nearshore heavy rainfall event on 23 April 2024 characterized by high position uncertainty. Given the track-based sampling of GNSS-R, the TRITON OSW data available for this event fortuitously cover two critical areas, including weak southwesterly flow over the Taiwan Strait and the Meiyu front, northeast of Taiwan. The TRITON OSW assimilation is conducted using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-based Radar Ensemble Data Assimilation framework on a 4-km analysis grid with a rapid update cycle of 15 min. Despite the limited temporal availability of OSW data, a positive impact on the wind analysis and very short-term forecast is identified. The assimilation of TRITON OSW data effectively corrects low-level wind, successfully complementing ground-based radar data where near-surface observations are unavailable. Consequently, the weak winds over the Taiwan Strait and offshore southwestern Taiwan, as well as the strong, front-associated winds northeast of Taiwan can be better represented. The OSW assimilation also enhances moisture in the southwestern offshore region. These adjustments yield more accurate prediction for the intensity and location of linear-type nearshore heavy rainfall systems. The improvement stems from enhanced convergence within and above the planetary boundary layer, as well as greater convective instability. Furthermore, the incremental assimilation of TRITON OSW observations with successive cycles provides the possibility of increasing the value of the TRITON OSW, given its dense distribution along a sequence of specular points. This study serves as an initial case-specific evaluation exploring the dynamic mechanisms through which TRITON OSW data can complement the radar assimilation framework and improve nearshore convective representation.
