Introduction/Objective The petrochemical industry plays a pivotal role in the global economy but continues to face significant challenges, including fluctuating oil prices, tightening environmental regulations, and high capital investment requirements. Hence, reliable techno-economic models are essential when companies approach Final Investment Decisions (FID), which determine the success of large-scale projects. Method This study introduces a structured framework that prioritises and ranks the parameters that are most critical to such models. The approach combines the Objective Weighting Method (OWM) with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) by using propylene oxide production as a case study. Results The analysis discloses that the total revenue is the highest-priority parameter (P i = 0.5280), followed by raw material cost (0.4576), utilities cost (0.2316), investment cost (0.2209), and fixed cost (0.1905). Discussion By identifying the most influential parameters, this approach enables decision-makers to allocate resources more effectively, improve cost efficiency, and reduce uncertainty. When combined with sensitivity analysis, it empowers companies to assess the impact of changing conditions, thus strengthening risk management and increasing the likelihood of project success in an uncertain and highly competitive sector. Conclusion The Structured Entropy-TOPSIS framework is a strong, evidence-based tool that identifies the key factors in petrochemical investment decisions. The findings decrease decision-making uncertainty while increasing the chances of the project being successful, as management attention is directed towards the economic variables with high impact.
IntroductionThis research paper explores the potential of heavy metals removal from foundry effluents using graphene oxide (GO) and magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) as adsorbents. MethodsThe preparation of graphene oxide (GO) was performed by the modified Hummers method, while that of magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) was done through coprecipitation methods, with analysis confirming its usefulness in removing metal ions. The influence of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on the heavy metal removal efficiency was subsequently investigated. The GO and MGO were further characterized using Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. ResultsThe observed results pointed to GO demonstrating comparatively better removal efficiencies than MGO for Cr, Fe, Pb, Cd, and Zn: 95.40%, 94.00%, 95.80%, 94.2%, and 95.7%, respectively, compared to 88.70%, 87.4%, 90.2%, 90.7%, and 91.2%. Successful synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) was confirmed by using characterization techniques such as SEM, BET, and FTIR. The morphology and high surface area of GO with a flake-like structure were observed, whereas successful modification of iron nanoparticles onto MGO was observed with a high specific surface area of 1165.220 m2/g and an abundance of surface functional groups. DiscussionThe heavy metals, which originate from foundry wastes, are removed from the wastewater by using the method of magnetic graphene oxide in this study. Various characterization methods, including SEM, BET, and FTIR, are studied. The parameters affecting the removal of heavy metals are the contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Contact time increases the opportunity to interact between the adsorbent and metal ions with a longer duration, whereas the number of active sites available to adsorb the heavy metal increases since the adsorbent dosage is higher, thereby increasing the efficiency of removal. ConclusionThe adsorption could be described in the manner of the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, which depicts MGO's successful removal of heavy metals from foundry wastewater.
IntroductionThe ineffective management of MSW, where open dumping and uncontrolled burning characterize the Lagos Megacity, poses severe environmental and public health challenges while contributing to GHG emissions by a wide margin. MethodologyThe project identified the carbon credit value of the solid waste industry of Lagos through the estimation of the greenhouse gas emissions for each of the seven scenarios of solid waste management. The IPCC 2006 recommendations, with 2019 modifications for open dumping, managed landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, open burning, and recycling of solid waste, were used to estimate the emissions. ResultsThe outcome suggests the potential for the acquisition of about 631 million CERs as a result of the transition to sustainable approaches in waste management, which, at the price of 2024, is valued at USD 1.9 billion. In contrast, the baseline situation is projected to result in significant emissions, as open dumping and open burning result in emissions of 98,463 Gg CO2 equivalent and 59,741 Gg CO2 equivalent, respectively. Conversely, composting and recycling were responsible for lower emissions, while landfills with gas recovery indicated the largest potential CERs. DiscussionConclusively, the results emphasize the economic as well as environmental advantages of moving away from the harmful trend towards sustainable alternatives, making it clear that carbon trading can offer a real economic incentive for bettering practices pertaining to waste management, as well as aiding in climate change mitigation in a rapidly urbanizing environment. ConclusionThis particular research further identifies the economic potential of carbon trading with regard to waste management and climate preservation.
IntroductionLamiaceae is the name of a family of aromatic plants, which are traditionally used as herbal medicine. There are not many research articles found in the literature regarding the biological study of nanoforms of the Lamiaceaefamily. However in recent years, there were few studies exhibiting the biological properties of plants from the same family. The stem and leaves of three plants from Lamiaceae family of Plectranthus genus, namely Coleus amboinicus Lour, Coleus rotundifolius Lour, and Coleus zeylanicus Lour were subjected to extraction using various solvents with different polarity index. Among the extracts, the ethyl acetate portions were subjected to various pharmacological studies. Through this study, evaluate the antibacterial activities of extracted compounds and their nano forms. MethodsSingle compounds were obtained in each extract, which were characterized by UV, IR, and NMR and LC-MS techniques. Nanoporous materials of the same type were prepared by solvothermal and sonication methods. The obtained nanoporous materials were then impregnated on chitosan and their pharmacological evaluation was carried out. ResultsAll compounds isolated from the plants show a minimum assay of antibacterial properties in their nanoforms. A better performance was obtained for Coleus zeylanicus Lour. DiscussionSelected compounds from plectranthus amboinicus, plectranthus rotundifolius and plectranthus zeylanicus were converted to their nanoforms. These nanoforms were studied by antibacterial analysis. Some of these nanoforms combined with chitosan and their antibacterial activity were studied. Extracted compound from plectranthus zeylanicus using ethyl acetate extract were selected for this study. Bioavailability, chemical potential, nutritive contents and efficiency are the implications of these Compounds. Sustainability, specificity, reproducibility, and solubility of prepared compounds are the limitations of this study. ConclusionChitosan impregnated Coleus zeylanicus Lour had high antibacterial potential against E.coli. growth.
